Welcome to the Future of Access Technologies

CSEP 590b, Winter 2023

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Week 1: Accessibility

CSEP 590b, Winter 2023

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Important ReminderThis is an important reminderMake sure zoom is running and recording!!!Slide 3 of 33

Jennifer Mankoff

Pronouns: She/her

Make4All Lab

I use technology to improve inclusion in and accessibility of our digital future.

Assistive and health technology
Fabrication/Physical computing
Improve inclusion and accessibility

Pictures of projects from the make4all lab including experiments with 3D printing materials; toolkits; capabilities; application; and understanding socio-technical system

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Kelly Mack

Pronouns: she/her

I design technologies that support people with fluctuating abilities and multiple people with disabilities.

Accessibility of higher education
Accessibility for people who are chronically ill
Slide show accessibility

Close up of Kelly: a white woman with shoulder length brown hair smiling in a floral shirt

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Let's get to know you! Warm upSlide 6 of 33

Let's get to know you!

Discuss with at least two neighbors:

Do you know whether your favorite app is accessible?
Why do you want to learn about accessibility

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Learning Goals for todayWhat is Accessibility? Disability? Models of disability?
History of disability rights
Understand terms about and models for disability-centered design
What is Disability Justice
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What is disability? Text is surrounded by diverse people

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Disability: A context-dependent mismatch

1980 picture of a person

Disability as a personal attribute "restriction or lack of ability ... within the range considered normal for a human being" (medical model: How do we fix people)

Today picture of a network of people

Disability as a social/environmental attribute "the interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which they live" (social model: how do we fix society)

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Neither is quite right

Medical Model (how do we fix people)
Social Model (how do we fix society)

Postmodern: Disability doesn't need to be fixed, but celebrated as part of human variation

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Worldwide Stats

1 Billion (~15%) of population [WHO'11];
19% of USA [Census'12]

Visual	Hearing	Cognitive	Speech	Mobility	Neural

Ray Charles	Marlee Matlin	Temple Grandin	President Biden	Ali Stroker	Catherine Zeta-Jones
Colorblind Low Vision Blind	Hearing loss Deaf	Dyslexia Seizure Learning Disabilities Autism	Stutter	Quadriplegia	Bipolar Anxiety PTSD Depression

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Worldwide Stats

1 Billion (~15%) of population [WHO] 19% of USA [Census'12]

Rates of disability are increasing

Aging population
Situational Impairment
Increasing numbers of people with chronic illness (can span disability segments)

Parkinson's Disease	ALS

Michael J. Fox	Prof. Stephen Hawking
Parkinson’s affects cognition, speech and mobility	ALS affects mobility and speech

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Accessibility

Disability is a mismatched interaction between someone and their context Accessibility is a broad term for tools that help people navigate mismatched interactions and provides options for people of all ability Inclusive design is a framework that helps us design more accessible products

line of animated iconic representations of people

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Accessibility technology

[anything] ... used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities (Wikipedia)

What model is this arguing for? [talk to your neighbor & Vote]

a spoon with a plastic attachment so it can be held without gripping

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Accessibility technology: Voting ResultsSlide 16 of 33

Accessibility technology

How people with disabilities may navigate computers (and the world)

Used to be called "assistive technology" but that language is ableist

One solution, not parallel solutions

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Not a medical device

A broader view than Wikipedia

Accessibility technology

How people with disabilities may navigate computers (and the world)

Used to be called "assistive technology" but that language is ableist

One solution, not parallel solutions

A picture of a speaker; magnifier; microphone; computer; and game control

Screen Readers
Narrator, VoiceOver, JAWS, Window Eyes, NVDA, TalkBack

Screen adjustment
ZoomText, Magnifier, Zoom, High Contrast

Speech input
Dragon Naturally Speaking, Dictation, Speech Recognition

Keyboarding
Sticky Keys, Mouse Keys, Filter Keys, Keyboard Shortcuts

Many more

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Lots of software for this

Magnifier – make whole screen or a portion bigger
- Can also just use larger fonts, lower resolution
- Change colors and contrast
Free Screen Reader – read the words on the screen
On-Screen keyboard
- Can be scanned
Built-in speech recognition

Most Operating Systems (laptops and smartphones) have a whole collection of adaptations

Windows access settings showing magnifier; narrator; on screen keyboard; windows speech recognition

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lots of software for this

Adaptations for mouse

Make mouse easier to see
Move mouse with the keyboard

Adaptations for keyboard

Sticky Keys – so no need for chords
Work like on Smartphones

Example: Single Switch Access

Can point to on-screen keyboards with various mechanisms, or use scanning keyboards

e.g. sip and puff to select

On Screen Keyboard

Usually add auto-complete and auto-predict Auto-predict: Predict next word based on previous words with no letters typed

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Other options: youtube Video

Lots of exciting advances still happening

Vizwiz (Bigham)

a website titled vizwiz showing about 10 photographs taken by blind people each with a question that the photographer was hoping to have answered

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Lots of exciting advances happening

Vizwiz
Thingiverse (Hurst)

a website titled Thingiverse showing about 10 photographs of 3D printable accessibility solutions

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Lots of exciting advances happening

Vizwiz
Thingiverse
Facade (Guo)

a microwave with 3D printed facade making flat touchscreen accessible nonvisually

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Lots of exciting advances happening

Vizwiz
Thingiverse
Facade
Voice Assistants (Findlater)

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Learning Goals for todayWhat is Accessibility? Disability? Models of disability?
History of disability rights
Understand terms about and models for disability-centered design
What is Disability Justice
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Accessibility is not a given

Originated in the disability rights movement

History of protest

Collaboration with Black Panther movement

Watch 2 minutes: Review of the documentary film Crip camp

A picture of protesters

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Legal Basis for Accessibility

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 1975): Free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment to every child with a disability.

Rehab Act (1976): Equal access to government services

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990): Equal access to all goods/services

UN Convention on Rights of PD (2006): 147 countries ratified convention

Ongoing and constant legal challenges, especially to the ADA

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1996 ADA complaint against San José Use of PDF inaccessible to city commissioner Web sites are a “service” and thus subject to the ADA Led to S. J. Web Page Disability Access Standard 1999 Natn’l Fed. of the Blind against AOL Based on the interpretation of the Web as a place of public accommodation (ADA) Settled out of court 2000: AOL agreed to make its browser accessible Many others (http://www.webaim.org/coordination/law/us/ada)

Human Rights Basis for Accessibility

online education by shashank singh from the Noun Project Education

employment by Tee Yang from the Noun Project Employment

zoom icon Pandemic everything!

shopping cart by LINDA WATI from the Noun Project Shop From Home

audiobook by mikicon from the Noun Project Blind People Read
7x as Many Books

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Practical Basis for Accessibility

A typewriter

In 1808, Pellegrino Turri built the first typewriter, so that his blind lover, could write letters more legibly.

microphone

Speech recognition, text to speech, and word-prediction technologies were all initially developed for people with disabilities.

A straw

In 1937, Joseph Friedman created the first bendy straw to help his young daughter drink from a cup on a counter that was too high for her.

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Tropes & ways things can go wrongHero complex (I can save you with this new technology)
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Tropes & ways things can go wrong

Hero complex (I can save you with this new technology)
Disability inspiration [stop at 4:29]

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A note on language

Picture of a hand crossing out the dis in the word disability

Identity-first language (“disabled people”) vs. people-first (“people with disabilities”). Preferences change depending on region, cultural context, community

Avoid “stricken with”, “suffers from” or victimization language

Avoid “able-bodied” or “normal” as differentiating terms

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Watch and Analyze

hero complex? disability inspiration? language issues? all good?

Small group discussion; Summarize your discussion on Ed

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