Additive Manufacturing and Access --Week 7--

background-image: url(img/people.png)

.left-column50[
# Welcome to the Future of Access Technologies

Week 7, Additive Manufacturing and Access

CSEP 590b, Winter 2023
]
---
name: normal
layout: true
class:

---
# Important Reminder

## This is an important reminder
## Make sure zoom is running and recording!!!
## Make sure captioning is turned on

---
layout:false

[//]: # (Outline Slide)
.title[Today's goals]
.body[
- Talk about the value of additive manufacturting & physical computing in accessibility
- Cover some common approaches to making & physical computing
- Go into detail about a specific approach, laser cutting
- Make something accessible!
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- .lowlight[Creative]
- Practical
- .lowlight[Healing]
- .lowlight[Empowering]
- .lowlight[Subversive]

]

.column[
![:img A picture of Jen's child 3 at age wearing a white knit sweater; knit mittens and a knit hat. The mittens are a bit too large and he has his hands raised in the air to show them off and a smile on his face., 100%, width](img/3dprinting/arun-knitting.png)
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- .lowlight[Creative]
- Practical
- **Healing**
- **Empowering**
- .lowlight[Subversive]
]

.column[
![:img A picture of two different /knockers/: realistic stuffed crochet breasts for use by breast cancer survivors, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/knockers.png)
]

---
# Making in an accessibility course? Why?

.column[
What is craft?

[Vice Article](https://www.vice.com/en/article/8qwpzb/mark-my-words-the-subversive-history-of-women-using-thread-as-ink)
]

.column[
- Fits real needs
- Comfortable
- Loving
- **Creative**
- Practical
- Healing
- Empowering
- **Subversive**
]

.column[
![:img A picture of two  embroidered articles. The first dates back to 1890 and is the work of a German seamstress who had been consigned to an asylum. embroidered script in german is visible on a hanging piece of cloth. The second is an embroidered tv. Inside it is an image of a naked woman looking into a mirror with the word /Censored/ over her breasts where they show on the mirror. The image says /new mirrors by facebook/ and /patriarchy approved/, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/subversive.png)
]

???
dating back to the 1890s, it's the work of a German seamstress who had been consigned to an asylum. Although it's often falsely described as her straightjacket, it was actually cut and assembled from a hospital gown, tailored and then turned into an autobiography wrought on fabric.

---
[Facebook Fashion Discrimination](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/style/disabled-fashion-facebook-discrimination.html)

![:img Two pictures of women wearing a grey cardigan and black pants. One is a white woman standing looking over her left shoulder as her white blond hair waves in the wind. She stands on a white featureless background. The other has brown skin and black hair and is posed in a wheelchair. Two pots with arrangements of dried flowers set the scene, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/fashion.png)

---
# What is craft?

1000s of years old

Highly skilled

Only labeled “arts and crafts” after the industrial revolution

Often centered in women’s “busy” work

Sometimes entrepreneurial

Exceptional at addressing unique and individual needs

---
![:img Three textbooks (Adapt my world by J. Rose Laxen; Illustrated guide to Assistive Technology & Devices by Suzanne Robitaille; and Assisteve Technology Solutions in Minutes Book II by Therese Willkomm) and A screenshot of the thingiverse website showing 3D printed accessibility technologies collected by user @glitchpudding last updated on July 22 i 2016, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/books-at.png)

---
# Modern crafting technology
<BR>
.left-column50[
- New ways to ideate and create
 - Faster, easier, sometimes better
- New ways to customize
 - Faster iteration
 - Mass customization
- New materials
- New and/or more compilicated shapes
]

--
count: false

.right-column50[
![:youtube Video of child using a 3D printed hand, WoZ2BgPVtA0]

]

---
[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who crafts?

Crafters with Disabilities

---
# Crafters with disabilities

We interviewed 16 disabled knitters about their motivations, process, needs, and experiences of bias

- 11 Blind or Low-Vision
- 7 Motor-impaired
- 3 with Cognitive Impairment

We collected data from six forums to extend our sample size and complement our interviews with more motor and cognition related data

---
# Making Patterns Accessible

Pattern accessibility was a frequent problem for disabled knitters

Forum posters mentioned over 40 different pattern formatting guidelines to make patterns more accessible

Not just about nonvisual access

For example P14-MC, who wrote out patterns in detail, said:

.quote[...if it says you need to go and knit 16 rows, I’ll write out [all of them] and then I’ll mark them off as I go. (P14-MC)]

.footnote[MC indicates motor and cognitive impairment]

---
# Making Craft Accessible

Four participants (P1-MVC, P2-V, P5-M, P11-V) reported difficulty with small gauged looms

Both circular knitting needle and loom knitters experienced difficulty executing a purl stitch

.quote[...when I purl …[I] have to push my thumb down like that to get
tension… And so there’s a lot more pinching for me… and that
definitely causes discomfort the fastest. (P3-M)]

---
# Making Accessible Objects

.left-column[
![:img A neuro-diverse crochet robot wearing headphones with a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/neurodiverse-robot.png)

![:img A crochet robot with a prosthetic leg and a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/prosthetic-leg-robot.png)

]
.right-column[
The results of knitting solved accessibility problems for some knitters

Tops for wheelchair users with a shorter back and longer front

.quote[if your sweater is too long in the back at all and it goes underneath you, it makes it hard to transfer. (P14-M)]

Patterns for toy robots with disabilities to increase the inclusion and representation of disability in the knitting community (P10-M)
]

---
# Community Ableism

Participants primarily participated in communities of knitters to learn, as support networks, project collaborators, and to increase inclusion.

Bias included assumptions about ability and even concerns about image, such as one forum poster experienced when a pattern designer *“didn’t like the idea of a wheelchair being in the shot.”*

---
[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who crafts?

Crafters with Disabilities

Domain Experts

- Medical makers
- People with disabilities
- ...

---
# Domain Experts

**A lot of research is needed here**

Full power of software engineering

Equivalent of end user programming

Production and personalization of interactive systems
- Modularity 
- Requirements Specification
- Hybrid Control over AI based systems (e.g. optimization)

--
This is the focus of a lot of my group's work

---
# Traditional Manufacturing

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

---
# The future (is here)
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

![:youtube Time lapse video of powder printing, kBHsfNDsbCs?t=7s]

---
# Fabrication technologies are not

Not the startrek replicator

Not as fast as the best manufacturing solutions for bulk manufacturing

Not as fast as your 2d printer

Often expensive

Material range is limited

... But they can do a lot of interesting things

---
# Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---
# Additive Vs Subtractive (e.g. CNC) Printing

.left-column50[
- Additive printing puts down material, building up the object layer by layer
  - Some are done with extruded plastic or other material
  - Others are done with powders that are sealed together (powder printers)
- Subtractive removes materials from around the object
]

.right-column50[
![:img three 3D printed lion heads two are subtractive printing one is additive, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/add-subtract.png)

]

---
# Example: CNC Spoon

![:youtube Video of a person using a CNC machine to make a spoon, caf5WDeBUaA]

---
# Prepare for Printing

- Create a model using any one of a number of 3D modeling packages such as Sketchup, Open SCAD,
Rhino 3d, Meshmixer, Blender, OnShape, Minecraft, SolidWorks
  - Some packages reprsent 3D objects as solids, others as shells and boundaries.
- Or you can find lots of stuff in repositories, like [Thingiverse](http://www.thingiverse.com/)

.left-column50[
__Solids__ (image from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry ))

![:img example of what solid modeling looks like, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/solid-modeling.png)
]

.right-column50[
__Shells/Boundaries__

![:img A 2D nurb plane, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/shells.png)
![:img A 3d scan of a male with long hair, 30%, width](img/3dprinting/bust.png)
]

---
# Example: .stl File (Additive)

Almost every software package can save the files as a `.stl` file (stereolithography)

.left-column50[

![:img open cube modeled as with surfaces, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/cube-shell.png)
![:img open cube as stl file, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/cube-stl.png)

]
.right-column50[
```
solid OBJECT
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 10 -10 0
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 0 -10 0
    endloop
  endfacet
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 10 -10 20
      vertex 8 -10 20
    endloop
  endfacet
```
]

---
# Printer Controller

The printer controller converts the `.stl` file into GCode, commands read by the printer

.left-column50[
```
solid OBJECT
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 10 -10 0
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 0 -10 0
    endloop
  endfacet
  facet normal 0 -1 0
    outer loop
      vertex 0 -10 10
      vertex 10 -10 20
      vertex 8 -10 20
    endloop
  endfacet
```
]

--
.right-column50[

![:img colorful magician, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/magician.png)

]
---
# Printer Controller

The printer controller converts the `.stl` file into GCode, commands read by the printer

.right-column50[
```
G1 X-5.87 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F3360.0
G1 F1200.0
G1 E1.0
G1 F3360.0
M101
G1 X-5.87 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E5.799
G1 X-2.93 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E6.354
G1 X-2.93 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E11.152
G1 X0.0 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E11.707
G1 X0.0 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E16.506
G1 X2.93 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E17.06
G1 X2.93 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E21.859
G1 X5.87 Y-12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E22.414
G1 X5.87 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E27.213
G1 X8.8 Y12.69 Z0.47 F381.198 E27.768
```
]

---
# Results

![:img small grey 3D printed box, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/grey-box.png)

---
# Other Materials

- [Lisa Harouni Talk](https://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_harouni_a_primer_on_3d_printing#t-120717) (@2:12)
- [Powder printer](https://youtu.be/kBHsfNDsbCs?t=29s)
- [Liquid Based additive printers](https://www.popsci.com/new-liquid-based-3d-printer-takes-minutes-not-hours/) (@1:07)
- [Candy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=rU6RAM0Wrck&feature=emb_logo),
[Chocolate](http://youtu.be/BIFi8but3Vw) other [Confections](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3TmrCzVZ6w)
- [Pancake bot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Q8nbtRNT0)
- Cement for houses [old](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzmCnzA7hnE), [new](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zt_3Gs1ksg)
- [MIT’s glass printer](https://gizmodo.com/watching-mits-glass-3d-printer-is-absolutely-mesmerizin-1725433454)
- [Ceramics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JjaqKUUMMw) (with sound vibrations), [Sample art](https://www.foransuon.com/)

---
# What not to print

- Food handling articles (unless on a special printer)
- Safety critical strong things
- High heat tolerance things
- Things for chemically harsh environments

---
# Printing: Beyond plastic

.left-column50[
![:img Model for embedding a nut and bolt in a print, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/embedding.png)
![:img Fabric taped down and embedded, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric.png)
![:img Fabric attached through holes, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric2.png)

]

.right-column50[
![:img Shorey designs embedded metal, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/metal-embed.jpg)  
![:img Shorey designs dragon scales, 40%, width](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5cf88c7cc74fa800012045db/1559817320037-GI8H3Y56L8W087DD9CDG/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kLxnK526YWAH1qleWz-y7AFZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWEtT5uBSRWt4vQZAgTJucoTqqXjS3CfNDSuuf31e0tVH-2yKxPTYak0SCdSGNKw8A2bnS_B4YtvNSBisDMT-TGt1lH3P2bFZvTItROhWrBJ0/aaezgif.com-video-to-gif.gif?format=1000w)

[Shorey Designs](https://www.shoreydesigns.com/3d-printing-on-fabric)

]
---
# Printing with Kinetics

.left-column-half[
![:img Picture of tendon that can be used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon1.png)
![:img Picture of tendon that has been used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon2.png)
]
.right-column-half[
![:youtube Examples of embedded fabric, 9xqze9csLmY]
]
???
- String or wire (like a tendon)

---
# Printing new interactions

---
# More examples!

<br>
- [3D Printed Medical Device Saves Baby's Life](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr0HGCZSgE4)
- [Prosthetic hand](http://youtu.be/CHPuMCshkLU?t=42s) (up to ~2:10)
- [Prostheic 3D printed Eagle Beak](https://youtu.be/M1jxnogZgd4)
- [3D printed car](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daioWlkH7ZI)
- [Lots of examples quickly](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5AZzOw7FwA)
- [3D printers print ten houses in 24 hours](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SObzNdyRTBs)
- [Printed body parts](http://youtu.be/jSjW-EgKOhk?t=1m8s)
- [Printed organs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nqw1yjyKEs)
- [3D printed pizza](http://youtu.be/dvjqmMfMU7w?t=15s)
- [3D printed fashion](http://youtu.be/63Xozzh_uHM)
- [3D Printing a Garden Sprinkler](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9XRD3P2G-E)

---

# Machine Knitting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---

# Creating Knitted Objects

![:img A knitspeak file contains text that is compiled into a knit graph and then compiled to machine readable instructions that can be used to produce a knitted result, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/knitting-process.png)

---
# KnitScript: Striped Sheet

```python
import cast_ons;
width = 40;
height = 12;

def knit_colored_stripe(new_carrier):{
    with Carrier as new_carrier:{
        knit_stripe();
    }
}

def knit_stripe():{
	for r in range(0, height):{
		in reverse direction:{
			knit Loops;
		}
	}
}

with Carrier as c1:{
    cast_ons.alt_tuck_cast_on(width);
    knit_stripe(); // uses c1
    knit_colored_stripe(c2); // will use c2
    knit_stripe(); // starts using c1 again
}

```

---
# Compiled Code

```python
;!knitout-2
;;Machine: SWG091N2
;;Position: Center
inhook  1 ;Activating carrier  1
;KS: Cast on 20loops
tuck - f19 1 ; tuck loops: [0 on yarn C1.1].  # happens 9 more times on odd needles
[...]
tuck - f1 1 ; tuck loops: [9 on yarn C1.1]. 
releasehook  1 ;
tuck + f0 1 ; tuck loops: [10 on yarn C1.1]. # happens 9 more times on even needles
[...]
tuck + f18 1 ; tuck loops: [19 on yarn C1.1]. 
knit - f19 1 ;knit loops: [20 on yarn C1.1]. #  knits 20 loops (all needles)
[...]
knit - f0 1 ;knit loops: [39 on yarn C1.1]. 
knit + f0 1 ;knit loops: [40 on yarn C1.1]. # knits 20 loops (all needles)
[...]
knit + f19 1 ;knit loops: [59 on yarn C1.1]. # continues to do more rows
[...]
inhook  2 ;Activating carrier  2             # changes carrier (color)
[...]
```

---

# Knitting a stripe

![:youtube Video a knitting machine, jpDFHhmgsnk]

---
# Creating Knitted Objects

![:youtube Video a knitting machine, t2Lpk4Jal6o]

---

# Laser Cutting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

We'll try this out in a sec, but first a few closing thoughts

---
# Manufacturing Accessibility

Rapid iteration can help with accessible design

.left-column40[

![:img Rainbow loom to assist with knitting, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/rainbow-loom.jpg)
![:img Red knitting loom with white hooks to aid accessibility, 45%, width](img/3dprinting/loom.png)

(Taylor's research)

]

.right-column60[
![:youtube Xbox adaptive controller intro, 9fcK19CAjWM]
]

---
# Manufacturing Accessibility
.right-column60[

[Interactiles: 3D Printed Tactile Interfaces to Enhance Mobile Touchscreen Accessibility](https://make4all.org/portfolio/interactiles/) (ASSETS 2018)

![:img A picture of a mobile phone with a tangible scrollbar and number pad built into its case to help improve blind interaction with the phone,50%, width ](img/3dprinting/interactiles.png)

]

.left-column40[
Combination of materials
- Silicon & sewn conductive thread (could use conductive powder instead)
- Nuts and bolts
]

---
# Phone as embedded computer
.right-column60[

Tactile map for the blind

![:img An interactive map with 6 black conductive touchpoints. The map
is held in a case with 6 conductive buttons that houses a Samsung Note
2 with a 5.5-inch screen., 40%, width](img/3dprinting/tactile-map.png)

]

.left-column40[
Phone as embedded computer
- Better solution because reprinting a map is faster than making a whole new portable map for each region
- Similar to new interaction techniques, uses conductive plastic
]

---
# Adding in physical computing
.right-column60[

C. Lee, [Intellisplash](https://www.christopherslee.org/home/cadiot#h.pstiqwwsc6zp) water purity tester

![:img Intellisplash water purity tester by Christopher Lee - SVP 2015, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/intellisplash.png)

]
.left-column40[
Combination of microcontroller, 3d printing, and phone

Uses WiFi, Bluetooth and other communication protocols

]
---
# Other Sensing Adaptations
.right-column60[
![:img (a) 3D printed smartphone adaptor designed for the Samsung
Galaxy Note II with a black ABS dark box comprising slots for
droppers. (b) 3D printed cartridge composed of a white ABS piece
comprising 4 wells and BL substrate reservoirs and a black sliding lid
with transparent ABS windows. (c) The assembled smartphone-based
device with running the specifically designed application for BL
signal acquisition and analysis., 60%, width](img/3dprinting/biotoxicity.jpg)

]
.left-column40[
[Biotoxicity
sensing](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400515305992)

Dark box

Phone case

Many similar options -- e.g. [Ph
Meter](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6916991);
[Sensing sweat
make-up](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/an/c4an01612b);
[Nanosensing by
Nasa](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2009/cell_phone_sensors.html)
[more examples](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779914000572)
]

???
 By clicking the “start” button (b) the application runs and several
  tabs can be selected (c). The “Procedure” box (d) provide to the
  user the instructions to perform the assay, then the Begin button
  allow to proceed to the “Checklist” box (e) where preset timers
  guide the user through the correct incubation times before BL image
  acquisition. The instructions can be also eluded by selecting “Test
  sample” in the home page, which jumps the user directly to the
  checklist. At the end of the countdown the smartphone camera is
  activated and the user can simply touch the “Acquire” button to
  capture the BL image of both the test and control wells. (f) The
  acquired images are rapidly analyzed on the smartphone and the
  sample toxicity result is displayed as “Cell viability” value and a
  warning message (Safe, Harmful, Highly toxic). BL image and results
  can be also saved for downstream application (i.e. sending results
  to a central laboratory).

---
# Printing to enhance a mobile phone

.right-column60[
![:youtube Printed objects whose use can be sensed, W1V2AgDbgTQ]
]
.left-column40[
Printed Analytics: Sensing prosthetic device use
- Uses backscatter technology
- Works in range of a modified wireless router
]

---
# Summary

What does physical computing offer us?

.left-column-half[
New ways to interact
- capacitive sensing facilitate by conductive plastic/thread
- microphone + machine learning

New ways to sense information
- fluid properties
- audio
- backscatter
]
.right-column-half[
New ways to combine devices (e.g. through bluetooth sensing of physical hardware)

Benefits:
- modify a device beyond what the manufacturer expected
- rapid prototyping of novel solutions
]

---
# Now back to Laser Cutting: How Can it Create Access?

---
# Bagholder

.left-column50[
![:img A handle with hooks below it to make it more comfortable to hold a bag , 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bagholder.png)
]
.right-column50[
[Instructables project](https://www.instructables.com/Making-a-laser-cut-bag-holder/)

How could you modify this to make it more comfortable?

]

---
# Book Opener ([Etsy](https://www.etsy.com/listing/883330413/book-buddy-book-holder-wood-thumb-page))

![:img Wooden items decoratively shaped but all relatively wide and flat with a finger hole for holding a book open, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bookopener.png)

---
# Cup Holder ([Thingiverse:1863196](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1863196))

![:img A ring that fits a cup with two holes to attach a string and hang it around ones neck, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-hanging-cupholder.png)

---
# Key Guard ([Thingiverse:1365497](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1365497))

![:img A flat rectangle with a few inner shapes to make it easier to press keys in known locations, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-keyguard.png)

---
# Bottle Opener ([Thingiverse:40131](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:40131))

![:img A keyhole-shaped object with a semicircle of teeth at top that can grasp a bottle lid and handles that can be pressed together to apply leverage to the teeth and turn, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-bottle-opener.png)

---
# Key Handle ([Thingiverse:2802082](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2802082))

.left-column50[
![:img A flat item with an opeing shaped to hold a door key so as to make it easier to grasp and turn, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-keyhandle.png)
]
.right-column50[
How would you attach this securely?
]
     
---
# Cookbook Holder ([Home Depot](https://www.homedepot.com/p/Honey-Can-Do-Natural-Acacia-and-Steel-Tablet-or-Cookbook-Stand-KCH-08569/312111086))

![:img Two arms that cross in such a way that they create a space to hold a cookbook up and open on the counter, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-cookbook-holder.jpeg)

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# Pillbox ([Etsy](https://www.etsy.com/listing/1321874671/laser-cut-3-or-4-mm-18-inch-svg-7-days?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=laser+cut+pill&ref=sr_gallery-1-6&organic_search_click=1))
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![:img A box with weekday labels broken into sections for each day that can hold pills, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-pillbox.png)
]
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Probably made with [boxes.py](https://www.instructables.com/Lasercut-Little-Wood-Boxes/)
![:img Pictures of laser cut boxes, 100%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-boxes.png)
]

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# Cutting Board ([rehab-store.com](https://www.rehab-store.com/p-one-handed-deluxe-maple-cutting-board.html))

![:img A cutting board with nails and ridges to make it easier for someone with lower hand dexterity to cut, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-cutting.png)

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# Keyboard Risers ([Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/SUPBEE-Laptop-Computer-Keyboard-Pockets/dp/B0B21VHY57))

![:img Wedges for changing the angle of a keyboard for accessibliity, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-supbee-keyboard.jpg)

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# Now it's your turn. Some key things to know

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We're using a [Glowforge](https://glowforge.com/). 
- It takes SVGs as input
- It can engrave, cut, etc
- We're providing plywood, 3mm thick [double check with calipers]
]

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Software options

- Powerpoint: Can even [merge shapes](https://www.indezine.com/products/powerpoint/learn/shapes/2016/shape-union.html). Probably best for total beginners if you have it.
- [Adobe Illustrator](https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html). Best for most tasks if you have it
- [AutoCAD](https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription) (free for students). Probably overkill
- [Inkscape](https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription) (free). Best free option
]

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# What can you do?

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![:img Illustration of cutting scoring and engraving first with those words and then with stars. Cutting cuts a hole; Scoring outlines something; and Engraving burns it into the wood, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/laser-Cut-Score-Engrave.png)
]
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Cutting: Makes a hole. 
- Any line can be cut

Scoring: Doesn't cut all the way through. 
- Again, any line

Engraving: Burns. Can do greyscale.
- Expand with fill
- Images.  Make sure they're not too dark. 
]

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# Essential Measurements

The amount of wood removed by the laser cutter as it burns through the wood.

Should always test for each new type of wood and wood thickness

[Instructable](https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Adjust-for-Wood-Thickness-and-Kerf-on-a-Las/) on how to do this

Only an issue if you're making a box or something else that has to assemble

Use calipers to measure!

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# Your process

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Measure thrice

Make an svg

Print it on paper

Cut it out and check your measurements AGAIN
]
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Decorate

Save to SVG
- First "expand" (if needed)
- Include mm as units
- Include images
]

--- 
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# If you want more

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[3D printing for health](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-health/)

[More materials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-in-a-range-of-materials/)

[Metamaterials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/metamaterials/)

[3D printing for education](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-education/)

]
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[Interactive objects](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-of-interactive-objects/)

[3D printing and sustainability](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-and-sustainability/)

[Options for rapid fabrication with 3D printing](http://make4all.org/portfolio/rapid-fabrication-prototyping/)
]

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# The End!

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