•1984: Sony v. Universal (“Betamax”) (Sup. Ct.)
–VCR legal; has “substantial noninfringing use”
•1999: Napster (9th Circuit)
–Illegal; central match-making server too involved
•2003: Aimster (7th Circuit)
–Illegal: design to avoid knowledge of infringement; no legitimate justification offered for design; balancing
test
•2004: Grokster (9th Circuit)
–Legal: no specific, actionable knowledge; no control over use of system
–May go to Supreme Court