Example
•If we have an Index on rating:
–(1/NKeys(I)) * NTuples(R) = (1/10) * 40000 tuples retrieved.
–Clustered index: (1/NKeys(I)) * (NPages(I)+NPages(R)) = (1/10) * (50+500) pages are retrieved (= 55).
–Unclustered index: (1/NKeys(I)) * (NPages(I)+NTuples(R)) = (1/10) * (50+40000) pages are retrieved. 
•If we have an index on sid:
–Would have to retrieve all tuples/pages.  With a clustered index, the cost is 50+500.
•Doing a file scan: we retrieve all file pages (500).
SELECT S.sid
FROM Sailors S
WHERE  S.rating=8