Statistics and Catalogs
•Need information about the relations and indexes involved.  Catalogs typically contain at least:
–# tuples (NTuples) and # pages (NPages) for each relation.
–# distinct key values (NKeys) and NPages for each index.
–Index height, low/high key values (Low/High) for each tree index.
•Catalogs updated periodically.
–Updating whenever data changes is too expensive; lots of approximation anyway, so slight inconsistency ok.
•More detailed information (e.g., histograms of the values in some field) are sometimes stored.