Assessment 2 --Week 3--

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# Week 3: Improving Accessibility

, Spring 2023
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# Important Reminder

## This is an important reminder
## Make sure zoom is running and recording!!!

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Learning Goals for Today

Building for Accessibility

Presenting Accessibly & Video Accessibility

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# Why isn't the World Already Accessible?

Designing for accessibility is hard

Implementing accessibility is hard

Testing accessibility is also hard!

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# Who Creates Accessibility?

**Designs have a big role in what is accessible**

Programmers also of course very important

These days, a lot of it is created by end users
 
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# How might Designers address Accessibility

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# How might UX Designers address Accessibility

Include it in design requirements

Provide ALT text for images and buttons

Provide guidance for both nonvisual and visual structure (e.g. proper linear order)

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# Who Creates Accessibility?

Designs have a big role in what is accessible

**Programmers also of course very important**
- Need to understand the expectations of APIs and accessibility technologies
- Need to understand screen readers

These days, a lot of it is created by end users

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# What do Programmers already know about access?

[Accessibility in Software Practice](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503508)

???
Summarize this more...

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# Who Creates Accessibility?

Designs have a big role in what is accessible

Programmers also of course very important

**These days, a lot of it is created by end users**
- This means that you have to think about *indirect* impacts on content creation too (i.e. what do you expose to end users in authoring tools)?
- Will talk more about this next week, but crowdsourcing & online social networks part of this too

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Building for Accessibility: Key Considerations

- **Underlying Technology**
- Going deeper into ALT text
- Structure impacts navigation order
- Need to announce things that change

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# (On-desktop) screen reader interaction
Three core  interaction patterns:
- Linear navigation through like objects
- Hierarchical navigation through logically related objects
- Switching between object types

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# (On-phone) screen reader interaction

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![:img screen reader by Sophia Bai from the Noun Project, 100%, width](img/assessment/screenreader.png)
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Three core interaction patterns:

- Swipe to navigate linearly
- Touch to navigate spatially
- The first “hit” of an interface element will focus, double tap to select/activate that interface element
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???
Discuss similarities and differences from desktop

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# Screen Readers

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Different types of screen readers.
- JAWS for Windows
- NonVisual Desktop Access
- VoiceOver
- TalkBack
- ChromeVox

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![:img JAWS logo. A blue shark; with talking rings over blue text that reads JAWS, 30%, width](img/assessment/JAWS_logo.png) ![:img NVAccess logo. geometric shapes intermix in orange blues and purple. text reads; NVAccess empowering lives through non-visual access to technology, 50%, width](img/assessment/NVDA_logo.png)

*Where can you find one?*
Different devices used to interact with screen readers.
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# Building for screen readers (1 of 2)

Screen readers get underlying information about controls from operating systems.
- This information must be provided by the developer (and in some cases, parts of the info provided by toolkit library)
- Accessibility APIs provide the information to a screen reader.
- Screen readers provide this information visually, through audio or in Braille to users.

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# Building for screen readers (2 of 2)

</div>

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# What happens when user double taps to invoke?

</div>

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# API specific issues

We won't cover this in depth, but you'll always want to understand your accessibility API in depth to make an app accessible

For example, when [Ross et al, 2017](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3132525.3132547) studied 1000s of android apps, some common errors  came up which aren't in guidelines because they are either tool specific or straight up UX errors:

| | Description| 
|--|
|<i class="darklight fa fa-strikethrough fa-2x"></i> | TextView has a content description. This might interfere with a screen reader’s ability to read the content of the text field |
| <i class="darklight fa fa-angle-double-right fa-2x"></i>   | Overlapping clickable items         |
|<i class="darklight fa fa-link fa-2x"></i> | URL in link may be invalid |

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Building for Accessibility: Key Considerations

- Underlying Technology
- Going deeper into ALT text
- Structure impacts navigation order
- Need to announce things that change

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# Image Description: GUIs

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![:img Two screens of the Uber Eats app. The home page to the left and a map view to the right,120%, width](img/assessment/gui.png) 
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[Investigating Visual Semantic Understanding of Blind and Low-Vision Technology Users](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3411764.3445040)

- Visual attributes that convey aesthetics and usability of user interfaces.
- Desktop and smartphone screen readers provide control type and other semantic information excluding any visual semantics.
- Smartphones allow for some degree of spatial exploration.

]

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# Study

How do BLV technology users understand and access visual semantics?

![:img P9 reconstructing the Google mobile web homepage. The participant is placing Wikki Stix and playdough on the canvas which is shown next to their smartphone., 60%, width](img/assessment/reconstruction.jpg)

???
Interviews;
Screen reader tasks; 
Reconstruction

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# Results

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.quote[
The way I think about this is on the top is my email, to the right is my phone number. Below that [is] essentially a 2 by 2 kind of thing, which has my social profile.
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Participants were aware of the overall structure of *phone apps*

- They developed this understanding using screen readers
- Associated size and location and function
- Layouts were understood in terms of absolute, relative, and corner positions

]

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# Describe the leftmost GUI? ([Ed](https://edstem.org/us/courses/31170/discussion/2394641))

![:img Two screens of the Uber Eats app. The home page to the left and a map view to the right,70%, width](img/assessment/gui.png)

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# Describe the leftmost GUI? ([Ed](https://edstem.org/us/courses/31170/discussion/2394641))

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![:img Two screens of the Uber Eats app. The home page to the left and a map view to the right,120%, width](img/assessment/gui.png) 
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This is very hard to describe without knowing what is accessible; and whether the user is more interested in content or layout. 
- App has two tabs at top center: Delivery and Pickup. 
- Below is a seach bar with address and  time menu
- Below that is an advertisement for The Burger Joint (25% of screen) with a details button
- Next is a scrolling set of tabs for Pickup; Grocery; Prescription; Top Sites; the rest is not visible off screen
- The bottom 30% of the screen shows the title Hidden Gems (Up and coming spots you'd like) with a list of restaurants. Each row in the list shows an image, restaurant name, rating, and more. The list requires 2D scrolling to see everything. The top two are visible: Tsuki Ramen and Chocolate Co.
]

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# Describing GUIs is rarely necessary

GUI description best supported dynamically through exploration. Critical needs for this
- Accessibility information available for interface
- Touch screen phone interaction techniques

Don't describe GUIs, explore them.

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![:img A picture of facebook with a like button visible at bottom left (a thumbs up followed by the word like),80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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## Developer Responsibility
Expose GUI structure

Provide good ALT text
- What is a good name for the "Like" Button?

- Enable the user to understand the name of the control they have navigated to, what type of control it is, what value it has, what state it has.
]

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![:img A picture of facebook with a like button visible at bottom left (a thumbs up followed by the word like),80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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## Proper ALT text

Screen reader will read out name, role, and state. Don't repeat these.

Good alt text: Name ("Like")

API knows: Role ("Button")

API knows: State ("Not selected")
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![:img A picture of facebook with a like button visible at bottom left (a thumbs up followed by the word like),80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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## Exception: You UARs
My alt text for the like button (assuming it's the subject of my UAR, slide or etc)

A picture of facebook with a like button visible at bottom left (a thumbs up followed by the word like)
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# Diagrams and Visualizations (1 of 2)
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![:img stateDiagram-v2: * --> Still; Still --> *; Still --> Moving; Moving --> Still; Moving --> Crash; Crash --> *: https://mermaid-js.github.io/mermaid-live-editor/edit#pako:eNpdj7sKwzAMRX_FaCzx0tFDl3btlLHuIGKRGPwojhwIIf9e16a0RNPh6EpIGwzRECiYGZluFseEXi5nHUSpx-kppLyInq1zTVWssjSP6h4XG8ZmGx_H_-w14Tw1W_G7FDrwlDxaU87aPgENPJEnDapgoMwJnQYd9hLFzLFfwwCKU6YO8sv8HmlyfwPe-kcg, 120%, width](img/assessment/mermaid.png)
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Benefit similar capabilities

Will hear much more about visualizations in a few weeks

When direct exploration isn't possible, consider descriptions that are *language based*
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# Diagrams and Visualizations (2 of 2)
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<tt>
stateDiagram-v2 <BR>
      [*] --> Still<BR>
      Still --> [*]<BR>
      Still --> Moving<BR>
      Moving --> Still<BR>
      Moving --> Crash<BR>
      Crash --> [*]<BR>
</tt>
]

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Benefit similar capabilities

Will hear much more about visualizations in a few weeks

When direct exploration isn't possible, consider descriptions that are *language based*
]

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# Math standard for accessibility is MathML

Math has a hierarchy just like other systems (i.e. fractions, parantheses)

Can support with MathML

Can generate MathML using pandoc; MS Word; etc

Capturing an image of an equation and describing it much worse for screen reader users

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Building for Accessibility: Key Considerations

- Underlying Technology
- Going deeper into ALT text
- **Structure impacts navigation order**
- Need to announce things that change

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# Key Navigation Concept

Reaching times
- How long does it take to get somewhere

Information you need to collect to assess this:
- You need to know the linear order of a webpage or app. 
- You need to know about any hierarchy that is programatically available (e.g. headers)

No way to automatically assess this! Hard to assess well without knowing best tricks for navigation that disabled people use.

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# What did this page look like?

- This is a title cell
- Navigation 1
- Navigation 2
- Navigation 3
- Navigation 4
- Banner ad
- Right Nav 1
- Right Nav 2
- Right Nav 3
- Main content area with lots of text and stories filling the center part of the window.

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# Original layout of page 
(done with tables but imagine it was  CSS)

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# Example: Swipe Order
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![:img A picture of facebook showing (in rows from top to bottom ad left to right): Logo/search and messenger; user image stating /what's on your mind?/; Live/Photo/Checkin text with icons; Scrolling set of live videos; a scrolling list of posts containing:  a post with title and meta data; the post text; number of comments; like and comment buttons; the final set of facebook controls (icons that look like a gui; a house; a person; a group of people; a bell; and a hamburger menu)  ,80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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What focus order makes sense for the Facebook newsfeed?

Does this match the actual focus order?

When might you need to	*skip* things? 
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## What order do you think will be used (1 of 2)

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![:img A picture of facebook showing (in rows from top to bottom ad left to right): Logo/search and messenger; user image stating /what's on your mind?/; Live/Photo/Checkin text with icons; Scrolling set of live videos; a scrolling list of posts containing:  a post with title and meta data; the post text; number of comments; like and comment buttons; the final set of facebook controls (icons that look like a gui; a house; a person; a group of people; a bell; and a hamburger menu) ,80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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Use chunks to group meaningful info and reduce number of navigation steps. 
- User can double tap to drill down into chunk (e.g. navigate to the “like” button by drilling down into an individual post).
]
???
ink over!
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## What order do you think will be used (2 of 2)
.left-column40[
![:img A picture of facebook showing (in rows from top to bottom ad left to right): Logo/search and messenger; user image stating /what's on your mind?/; Live/Photo/Checkin text with icons; Scrolling set of live videos; a scrolling list of posts containing:  a post with title and meta data; the post text; number of comments; like and comment buttons; the final set of facebook controls (icons that look like a gui; a house; a person; a group of people; a bell; and a hamburger menu) ,80%, width](img/assessment/facebook1.png) 
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![:img The same picture numbered. Numbers do not match reading order as shown in this alt text: (1) Logo/ (2) search and (3) messenger; (5) user image stating (4) /what's on your mind?/; (6) Live/ (7) Photo/ (8) Checkin text with icons; (9) Scrolling set of live videos; (10)  a scrolling list of posts containing:  a post with title and meta data; the post text; number of comments; like and comment buttons; (??) the final set of facebook controls (icons that look like a gui; a house; a person; a group of people; a bell; and a hamburger menu)   ,120%, width](img/assessment/facebook-actual.png) 
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# More Navigation Concepts

Forms and inputs have issues with *order* and *labels*. This is fixed different ways on different platforms, but all major UI dev tools have APIs for accessibility. Make sure you use them *and* testing.
- Web [advice](http://webaim.org/techniques/forms/controls) and [advanced advice](http://webaim.org/techniques/forms/advanced) on this. Look for similar documentation for android/ios.

Tables are not ideal, but *best* when headers are labeled. Again, check the API for your interface dev platform.

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Building for Accessibility: Key Considerations

- Underlying Technology
- Going deeper into ALT text
- Structure impacts navigation order
- **Need to announce things that change**

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![:img A picture of a failed sign in to the University of Washington showing text at the top saying "Your sign-in failed. Please try again" without an explanation of what went wrong ,90%, width](img/assessment/signin-fail.png) 
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## Announce UI changes

If you can't see the UI, you have no idea if login succeeded

Requires *programmatically* calling an API to announce the change

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## Common places this happens

Dialog boxes

Success notifications

Errors
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#  Summary of Common Problems
 
 Common Problems To Remember  (from [Ross et al, 2017](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3132525.3132547)  study of 1000s of android apps)
 
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| |Description  | 
|--|----------------------|
|<i class="darklight fa fa-times-circle fa-2x"></i> | Missing element label ||
|<i class="darklight fa fa-retweet fa-2x"></i>  | Item label ends with type, e.g., “Play Button.” TalkBack automatically announces item type, so information is redundant |
|<i class="darklight fa fa-eye-slash fa-2x"></i>  | UI Change not announced |
|<i class="darklight fa fa-server fa-2x"></i>  | Navigation lacks hierarchy; or makes no sense |

]

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| |Description  | 
|--|----------------------|
|<i class="darklight fa fa-search-minus fa-2x"></i>  | Item is too small|
|<i class="greylight fa fa-adjust fa-2x"></i>  | Low contrast in image or icon |
|<i class="greylight fa fa-quote-left fa-2x"></i>  | Low text contrast between foreground and background |
|<i class="darklight fa fa-retweet fa-2x"></i>  | Item's role  identical with alt text|
]

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# Key Take Home Message

IF you take one thing away from this whole discussion, it should be:

*YOU* decide who is disabled with respect to the technology you create

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Learning Goals for Today

Building for Accessibility

**Video Accessibility**

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# Making Video/Animation/Audio Accessible

Relevant for slides; web; anywhere

Understandable live & recorded video for people who are not able to hear audio

Understandable live & recorded video for people who are not able to see the screen

Other factors such as avoiding seizures & so on

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# Captioning Videos

Auto captioning getting better, but still makes many errors
- Does not easily support multilingual settings
- Errors for people with accents
- Errors for proper nouns and names

Best practice is manual captioning and/or ASL live, or pre-recorded

Easy to apply and then correct auto captioning with existing tools (e.g. YouTube has an interface)
- You will be expected to do this if you use video in any homeworks

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# Audio Describing Videos

May requiring pausing video, but skillful description usually possible without that

More commonly available today than ever

Let's try it: Form groups and open [YouDescribe](https://youdescribe.org/);
([post a link to your video on Ed](https://edstem.org/us/courses/31170/discussion/2350670))