CSE 527 Lecture Note #13
Lecture:
Prof. Larry Ruzzo
Note:
Daehyun Baek
November 20, 2001
Bayesian Model Selection (BMS)
BMS is another way of doing notion of hypothesis
A vs. hypothesis B to explain the data. The Bayesian information criterion(BIC)
score is similar to chi-square value in the traditional hypothesis testing.
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)
: This is also an approximately statistical
approach, not rigorously defined.
where D:
Observed data,
M: Model (The Model is
actually a family of models with unit variance and unknown mean therefore is needed),
: The maximum likelihood estimator (LME) of parameters in the
model,
d : The number of free parameters, and
n : The number of data points.
Note: BIC score is good for comparing models. A
model with a higher BIC is a better model, since if data fits well to the
model, the log likelihood would be higher.
General model à Mixture model BIC
with multiple models
BIC
with multiple parameter estimators
Multiple parameters get
higher likelihood but it is penalized by the second term (). If we mix two Gaussian parameters, becomes a pair. The
likelihood will increase if there’re more model parameters. The second term, denotes a penalty
term that also increases if more parameters are used. Intuitively, more data
points need higher precision so it should be penalized.
Minimum Description Length (MDL) problem
Idea: Simpler is better. à Completely heuristic
approach.
Let’s define M as a model, as a parameter
(vector), and D as observed data.
:
Bayes’ theorem
This is based on the
2-stage experiment. 1) Pick and 2) Draw data
points according to . In this experiment, the above equation is a rigorous
description of the model and denotes the posterior
probability. It gives us a way to update the prior after seeing the data
points D.
Idea: is the prior
probability, which is subjective. Based on subjective belief, we can estimate , the distribution of given the data.
By the law of total probability,
(1) : Probability of
data given the parameter
Suppose we have M1, M2, , and .
(2) : is the prior
probability here.
Notice that is independent of . From (1),
(3) : Integrated
likelihood over the
parameter
Now,
: Posterior odds
ratio
The odds ratio needed to establish data from
which the model came becomes the following equation.
Posterior Bayes Prior
Odds factor Odds
Example of prior odds: Situation in a bath with
mixed fair and biased coins.
Note that Bayes factor explains the favors of
probability of data to the given models.
Thus, the goal here is
to determine the posterior odds that is updating the prior odds after seeing
the data as the data explains the model. Eventually, we want to estimate (3)
because . However, the integral in (3) often is unsolvable in
practice. So, let’s define as follows.
By Taylor series expansion, can be expanded as
the below equation.
(4)
At the mode, . So the second term in (4) goes away. Therefore, (4) can be
approximately simplified as follows.
Hint: The posterior mode would be close to the
peak. The second derivative would be negative since there’s a convex near the
peak. The width is related to one of variances in this distribution.
Width
Therefore, the second derivative term can be
simplified. à
For
multiple parameters (By
approximation not described here)
This concluded equation doesn’t have any prior probability
term, which was omitted during the approximations by the assumption of unit
information prior. The unit information prior is a proper assumption, when we
are not sure about the prior probability.
Interpretation of BIC values: BIC difference of
10 favors one model over the other by the factor of about 150.
Approximations in this
approach
1) Taylor series third and
higher order expansions are ignored.
2)
In
the posterior distributions, the mode is observed to be near local maxima.
3) O(1) doesn’t go to zero
if data set becomes bigger
4)
Covariance Model
:
Covariance matrix for kth cluster
, , and explain volume, orientation, and shape of the distribution,
respectively.
Equal volume spherical
model (EI): similar to k-means model
Unequal volume spherical
model (VI)
More flexible, but more parameters
Diagonal model: cluster
shapes parallel to axes
where is diagonal,
EEE elliptical model:
cluster shapes parallel to each other
Unconstrained model
(VVV)
Bottom line: BIC allows
to choose the best possible model whereas MLE will always favor VVV model. In
general, VVV model is the best model in terms of the highest likelihood,
however it needs larger number of parameters.