Additive Manufacturing and Access --Week 6--

background-image: url(img/people.png)

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# More Additive Manufacturing

CSE493e, Fall 2024
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# Important Reminder

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![:qrhere](nil)]

## Make sure zoom is running and recording!!!
## Check on zoom buddies
## Make sure captioning is turned on

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)

- Learning goals
  - Broader perspective on laser cutting, 3D printing and machine knitting
  - Other types of accessible fabrication (e.g. toy adaptation)
  - Talk about the value of additive manufacturing & physical computing in accessibility
  - Cover some common approaches to making & physical computing

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who makes accessibility happen? (1/2)

Crafters with Disabilities

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# Example: Knitters with disabilities

We interviewed 16 disabled knitters about their motivations, process, needs, and experiences of bias

- 11 Blind or Low-Vision
- 7 Motor-impaired
- 3 with Cognitive Impairment

We collected data from six forums to extend our sample size and complement our interviews with more motor and cognition related data

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# Making Patterns Accessible

Pattern accessibility was a frequent problem for disabled knitters
- Forum posters mentioned over 40 different pattern formatting guidelines to make patterns more accessible
- Not just about nonvisual access

For example P14-MC, who wrote out patterns in detail, said:

.quote[...if it says you need to go and knit 16 rows, I’ll write out [all of them] and then I’ll mark them off as I go. (P14-MC)]

.footnote[MC indicates motor and cognitive impairment]

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# Making Craft Accessible

Four participants (P1-MVC, P2-V, P5-M, P11-V) reported difficulty with small gauged looms

Both circular knitting needle and loom knitters experienced difficulty executing a purl stitch

.quote[...when I purl …[I] have to push my thumb down like that to get
tension… And so there’s a lot more pinching for me… and that
definitely causes discomfort the fastest. (P3-M)]

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# Making Accessible Objects

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![:img A neurodiverse crochet robot wearing headphones with a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/neurodiverse-robot.png)

![:img A crochet robot with a prosthetic leg and a big heart, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/prosthetic-leg-robot.png)

]
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The results of knitting solved accessibility problems for some knitters
- Patterns for toy robots with disabilities to increase the inclusion and representation of disability in the knitting community (P10-M)
- Tops for wheelchair users with a shorter back and longer front

.quote[if your sweater is too long in the back [and] goes underneath you, it's hard to transfer. (P14-M)]

]
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# Community Ableism

Participants primarily participated in communities of knitters to learn, as support networks, project collaborators, and to increase inclusion.

Bias included assumptions about ability and even concerns about image, such as one forum poster experienced when a pattern designer *“didn’t like the idea of a wheelchair being in the shot.”*

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[//]: # (Outline Slide)
# Who makes accessibility happen? (2/2)

Crafters with Disabilities

Domain Experts

- Medical makers
- People with disabilities
- ...

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# Domain Experts

**A lot of research is needed here**

- Full power of software engineering
- Equivalent of end user programming
- Production and personalization of interactive systems
  - Modularity 
  - Requirements Specification
  - Hybrid Control over AI based systems (e.g. optimization)

--
This is a focus of a lot of my group's work

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# Traditional Manufacturing

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

---
# The future (is here)
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

---

![:youtube Time lapse video explaining 3D printing, m_QhY1aABsE]

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# Fabrication technologies are not

- ...the Star Trek replicator
- ...as fast as the best manufacturing solutions for bulk manufacturing
- ...as fast as your 2d printer
- ...inexpensive
- ...nice to touch (material range is limited)

**But** they can do a lot of interesting things

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# Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---
# Additive Vs Subtractive

- Additive printing puts down material, building up the object layer by layer
  - Some are done with extruded plastic or other material
  - Others are done with powders that are sealed together (powder printers)
- Subtractive removes materials from around the object

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# Example: CNC Spoon

![:youtube Video of a person using a CNC machine to make a spoon, caf5WDeBUaA]

---

# Machine Knitting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---

# Creating Knitted Objects

![:img A KnitSpeak file contains text that is compiled into a knit graph and then compiled to machine readable instructions that can be used to produce a knitted result, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/knitting-process.png)

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# Creating Knitted Objects

![:youtube Video a knitting machine, t2Lpk4Jal6o]

---

# Laser Cutting
<div class="mermaid">
graph LR
A(Materials) --> B(Factory)
B --> D(Shipping)
D --> E(Storage)
E --> F(Shipping)
F --> G(You)

classDef blue font-size:14pt;
classDef green font-size:14pt;

class B,D,E,F blue
class A,G green
</div>

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

class A,B,D lightblue
class E lightgreen
</div>

class A,B,D blue
class E green
</div>

---
# Printing: Beyond plastic

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![:img Model for embedding a nut and bolt in a print, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/embedding.png)
![:img Fabric taped down and embedded, 70%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric.png)
![:img Fabric attached through holes, 50%, width](img/3dprinting/fabric2.png)

]

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![:img Shorey designs embedded metal, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/metal-embed.jpg)  
![:img Shorey designs dragon scales, 40%, width](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5cf88c7cc74fa800012045db/1559817320037-GI8H3Y56L8W087DD9CDG/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kLxnK526YWAH1qleWz-y7AFZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWEtT5uBSRWt4vQZAgTJucoTqqXjS3CfNDSuuf31e0tVH-2yKxPTYak0SCdSGNKw8A2bnS_B4YtvNSBisDMT-TGt1lH3P2bFZvTItROhWrBJ0/aaezgif.com-video-to-gif.gif?format=1000w)

[Shorey Designs](https://www.shoreydesigns.com/3d-printing-on-fabric)

]
---
# Printing with Kinetics

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![:img Picture of tendon that can be used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon1.png)
![:img Picture of tendon that has been used to bend something, 80%, width](img/3dprinting/tendon2.png)
]
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![:youtube Examples of embedded fabric, 9xqze9csLmY]
]
???
- String or wire (like a tendon)

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# Printing new interactions

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# Phone as embedded computer
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Tactile map for the blind

![:img An interactive map with 6 black conductive touchpoints. The map
is held in a case with 6 conductive buttons that houses a Samsung Note
2 with a 5.5-inch screen., 40%, width](img/3dprinting/tactile-map.png)

]

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Phone as embedded computer
- Better solution because reprinting a map is faster than making a whole new portable map for each region
- Similar to new interaction techniques, uses conductive plastic
]

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# Adding in physical computing
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C. Lee, [Intellisplash](https://www.christopherslee.org/home/cadiot#h.pstiqwwsc6zp) water purity tester

![:img Intellisplash water purity tester by Christopher Lee - SVP 2015, 40%, width](img/3dprinting/intellisplash.png)

]
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Combination of microcontroller, 3d printing, and phone

Uses WiFi, Bluetooth and other communication protocols

]
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# Other Sensing Adaptations
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![:img (a) 3D printed smartphone adaptor designed for the Samsung
Galaxy Note II with a black ABS dark box comprising slots for
droppers. (b) 3D printed cartridge composed of a white ABS piece
comprising 4 wells and BL substrate reservoirs and a black sliding lid
with transparent ABS windows. (c) The assembled smartphone-based
device with running the specifically designed application for BL
signal acquisition and analysis., 60%, width](img/3dprinting/biotoxicity.jpg)

]
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[Biotoxicity
sensing](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400515305992)

Dark box

Phone case

Many similar options -- e.g. [Ph
Meter](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6916991);
[Sensing sweat
make-up](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/an/c4an01612b);
[Nanosensing by
Nasa](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2009/cell_phone_sensors.html)
[more examples](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779914000572)
]

???
 By clicking the “start” button (b) the application runs and several
  tabs can be selected (c). The “Procedure” box (d) provide to the
  user the instructions to perform the assay, then the Begin button
  allow to proceed to the “Checklist” box (e) where preset timers
  guide the user through the correct incubation times before BL image
  acquisition. The instructions can be also eluded by selecting “Test
  sample” in the home page, which jumps the user directly to the
  checklist. At the end of the countdown the smartphone camera is
  activated and the user can simply touch the “Acquire” button to
  capture the BL image of both the test and control wells. (f) The
  acquired images are rapidly analyzed on the smartphone and the
  sample toxicity result is displayed as “Cell viability” value and a
  warning message (Safe, Harmful, Highly toxic). BL image and results
  can be also saved for downstream application (i.e. sending results
  to a central laboratory).

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# Printing to enhance a mobile phone

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![:youtube Printed objects whose use can be sensed, W1V2AgDbgTQ]
]
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Printed Analytics: Sensing prosthetic device use
- Uses backscatter technology
- Works in range of a modified wireless router
]

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# What does physical computing offer?

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New ways to interact
- capacitive sensing facilitate by conductive plastic/thread
- microphone + machine learning

New ways to sense information
- fluid properties
- audio
- backscatter
]
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New ways to combine devices (e.g. through bluetooth sensing of physical hardware)

Benefits:
- modify a device beyond what the manufacturer expected
- rapid prototyping of novel solutions
]

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# If you want more

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[3D printing for health](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-health/)

[More materials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-in-a-range-of-materials/)

[Metamaterials](http://make4all.org/portfolio/metamaterials/)

[3D printing for education](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-for-education/)

]
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[Interactive objects](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-of-interactive-objects/)

[3D printing and sustainability](http://make4all.org/portfolio/3d-printing-and-sustainability/)

[Options for rapid fabrication with 3D printing](http://make4all.org/portfolio/rapid-fabrication-prototyping/)
]

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# Other Materials

- [Lisa Harouni Talk](https://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_harouni_a_primer_on_3d_printing#t-120717) (@2:12)
- [Powder printer](https://youtu.be/kBHsfNDsbCs?t=29s)
- [Liquid Based additive printers](https://www.popsci.com/new-liquid-based-3d-printer-takes-minutes-not-hours/) (@1:07)
- [Candy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=rU6RAM0Wrck&feature=emb_logo),
[Chocolate](http://youtu.be/BIFi8but3Vw) other [Confections](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3TmrCzVZ6w)
- [Pancake bot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Q8nbtRNT0)
- Cement for houses [old](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzmCnzA7hnE), [new](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zt_3Gs1ksg)
- [MIT’s glass printer](https://gizmodo.com/watching-mits-glass-3d-printer-is-absolutely-mesmerizin-1725433454)
- [Ceramics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JjaqKUUMMw) (with sound vibrations), [Sample art](https://www.foransuon.com/)

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# More examples!

<br>
- [3D Printed Medical Device Saves Baby's Life](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr0HGCZSgE4)
- [Prosthetic hand](http://youtu.be/CHPuMCshkLU?t=42s) (up to ~2:10)
- [Prostheic 3D printed Eagle Beak](https://youtu.be/M1jxnogZgd4)
- [3D printed car](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daioWlkH7ZI)
- [Lots of examples quickly](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5AZzOw7FwA)
- [3D printers print ten houses in 24 hours](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SObzNdyRTBs)
- [Printed body parts](http://youtu.be/jSjW-EgKOhk?t=1m8s)
- [Printed organs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nqw1yjyKEs)
- [3D printed pizza](http://youtu.be/dvjqmMfMU7w?t=15s)
- [3D printed fashion](http://youtu.be/63Xozzh_uHM)
- [3D Printing a Garden Sprinkler](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9XRD3P2G-E)

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