Page coloring (for large caches)
In caches where the cache size > page size * associativity, bits of the physical address (besides the page offset) are needed for the index.
On a page fault, the OS selects a mapping such that it tries to minimize conflicts in the cache . It assumes that the process faulting is using the whole cache and attempts to map the page such that the cache will be accessed by the virtual bits (lots of possible variants).
Needs to keep “bins” of free pages etc.
Implemented on some MIPS machines.