Users and DB Programs
End users don't see the DB directly
- are only vaguely aware of its design
- may be acutely aware of part of its contents
- SQL is not a suitable end-user interace
A single SQL query is not a sufficient unit of DB work
- May need more than one query
- May need to check constraints not enforced by the DBMS
- May need to do calculations, realize “business rules”, etc.