// variations on the person and student class to demonstrate the use of
// pointers to avoid the slicing problem and the need to define a virtual
// destructor in the base class to avoid memory leaks.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <sstream>

using namespace std;

// base class for inheritance
class person {
public:
    person(const string & s, const string & n)
        : ssn(s), name(n) {
        // nothing else to do
    }

    person(const person & rhs) 
        : ssn(rhs.ssn), name(rhs.name) {
        // nothing else to do
    }

    person & operator=(const person & rhs) {
        if (this != &rhs) {
            ssn = rhs.ssn;
            name = rhs.name;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    virtual ~person() {
        // nothing to do
    }

    const string get_name() const {
        return name;
    }

    // had to declare this function to be virtual to get polymorphic behavior
    virtual string to_string() const {
        ostringstream out;
        out << ssn << ", " << name;
        return out.str();
    }
private:
    string ssn;
    string name;
};

// this is a subclass of person that adds a gpa instance variable
class student: public person {
public:
    student(const string & s, const string & n, double g) 
        : person(s, n), gpa(g), dashes(person::to_string().size(), '-') {
        // nothing else to do
    }

    student(const student & rhs)
        : person(rhs), gpa(rhs.gpa), dashes(rhs.dashes) {
        // nothing else to do
    }

    student & operator=(const student & rhs) {
        if (this != &rhs) {
            person::operator=(rhs);
            gpa = rhs.gpa;
            dashes = rhs.dashes;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    string to_string() const {
        ostringstream out;
        out << person::to_string() << endl << dashes << endl << gpa;
        return out.str();
    }
private:
    double gpa;
    string dashes;
};

int main() {
    person p1("833-28-2938", "John Doe");
    student s1("837-99-2343", "Jane Smith", 3.95);
    cout << p1.to_string() << endl;
    cout << s1.to_string() << endl;
    cout << endl;

    // polymorphism
    person & p2 = s1;
    cout << p2.to_string() << endl;
    cout << endl;

    // example of "slicing" (a BIG problem)
    vector<person> v;
    v.push_back(p1);
    v.push_back(s1);
    for (const person & p : v) {
        cout << p.to_string() << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;

    // this version works because of the pointers
    vector<person *> v2;
    v2.push_back(&p1);
    v2.push_back(&s1);
    for (const person * p : v2) {
        cout << p->to_string() << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;

    // this caused a problem without a virtual destructor
    person * s2 = new student("783-23-8432", "Barney Rubble", 2.85);
    cout << s2->to_string() << endl;
    delete s2;
    cout << endl;

    // testing copy constructor and assignment operator for person
    person p3(p1);
    cout << p3.to_string() << endl;
    person p4("634-38-2838", "Joe Biden");
    p3 = p4;
    cout << p3.to_string() << endl;
    cout << p4.to_string() << endl;
    cout << endl;

    // testing copy constructor and assignment operator for student
    student s3(s1);
    cout << s3.to_string() << endl;
    student s4("999-99-9999", "Jill Biden", 4.0);
    s3 = s4;
    cout << s3.to_string() << endl;
    cout << s4.to_string() << endl;

    return 0;
}