Lab 1: Manipulating Bits Using C

Overview

The purpose of this assignment is to become more familiar with data at the bit-level representation. You will do this by solving a series of programming “puzzles”. Many of these puzzles may seem artificial, but in fact bit manipulations are very useful in cryptography, data encoding, implementing file formats (e.g., MP3), etc. By working your way through these problems, you will get very familiar with bit representations and hopefully will have some fun. You will also be doing some basic pointer manipulations and pointer arithmetic. Again, the purpose is to get you familiar with data representations and pointers.

Instructions

To fetch the source files for this lab, navigate to the directory where you want to store your work, then,

• from your VM use "wget https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse351/17wi/labs/lab1/lab1.tar" to place a copy of the .tar file in your current directory.

$ tar xf lab1.tar

tar is a file archive utility; the "xf" options mean to extract the file given as an argument. This should generate a directory next to lab1.tar called lab1 that contains a number of tools, described later, a bits.c file, and a pointer.c file. Both files contain skeletons for the programming puzzles, along with a comment block that describes exactly what the function must do and what restrictions there are on its implementation. Your assignment is to complete each function skeleton using:

• only straightline code (i.e., no loops or conditionals);
• a limited number of C arithmetic and logical operators;
• no constants larger than 8 bits (i.e., 0 - 255 inclusive); and
• feel free to use "(", ")", and "=" as many as you need.

The intent of the restrictions is to require you to think about the data as bits - because of the restrictions, your solutions won't be the most efficient way to accomplish the function's goal, but the process of working out the solution should make the notion of data as bits completely clear.

Similarly, you will start working with basic pointers and use them to compute the size of different data items in memory and to modify the contents of an array

The Bit Puzzles

This section describes the puzzles that you will be solving in bits.c. More complete (and definitive, should there be any inconsistencies) documentation is found in the bits.c file itself.

Bit Manipulations

The table below describes a set of functions that manipulate and test sets of bits. The Rating column gives the difficulty rating (the number of points) for each puzzle and the Description column states the desired output for each puzzle along with the constraints. See the comments in bits.c for more details on the desired behavior of the functions. You may also refer to the test functions in tests.c. These are used as reference functions to express the correct behavior of your functions, although they don't satisfy the coding rules for your functions.

Two's Complement Arithmetic

The following table describes a set of functions that make use of the two's complement representation of integers. Again, refer to the comments in bits.c and the reference versions in tests.c for more information.

Useful Functions

We have included a print_binary function, which takes an integer and outputs its binary representation. You may want to use this for debugging purposes. The print_binary function is implemented in common.c.

For example, a call to print_binary(5) in bits.c will output the following binary string among your test results:

$ make
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -lm -o btest bits.c btest.c decl.c tests.c common.c
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -o fshow fshow.c
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -o ishow ishow.c
$ ./btest
...
0000 0000  0000 0000  0000 0000  0000 0101
...

Checking Your Work

We have included two tools to help you check the correctness of your work.

dlc is a modified version of an ANSI C compiler from the MIT CILK group that you can use to check for compliance with the coding rules for each puzzle. The typical usage is:

$ ./dlc bits.c

Note: dlc will always output the following warning, which can be ignored:

/usr/include/stdc-predef.h:1: Warning: Non-includable file <command-line> included from includable file /usr/include/stdc-predef.h.

The program runs silently unless it detects a problem, such as an illegal operator, too many operators, or non-straightline code in the integer puzzles. Running with the -e switch:

$ ./dlc -e bits.c

causes dlc to print counts of the number of operators used by each function. Type ./dlc -help for a list of command line options.

btest is a program that checks the functional correctness of the code in bits.c. To build and use it, type the following two commands:

$ make
$ ./btest

Notice that you must rebuild btest each time you modify your bits.c file. (You rebuild it by typing make.) You'll find it helpful to work through the functions one at a time, testing each one as you go. You can use the -f flag to instruct btest to test only a single function:

$ ./btest -f bitXor

You can feed it specific function arguments using the option flags -1, -2, and -3:

$ ./btest -f bitXor -1 7 -2 0xf

Check the file README for documentation on running the btest program.

We may test your solution on inputs that btest does not check by default and we will check to see if your solutions follow the coding rules.

Advice

Start early on bits.c, if you get stuck on one problem move on. You may find you suddenly realize the solution the next day. Puzzle over the problems yourself, it is much more rewarding to find the solution yourself than stumble upon someone else's solution. If you do not quite meet the operator limit don't worry there will be partial credit, but often times working with a suboptimal solution will allow you to see how to improve it.

Do not include the <stdio.h> header file in your bits.c file, as it confuses dlc and results in some non-intuitive error messages. You will still be able to use printf in your bits.c file for debugging without including the <stdio.h> header, although gcc will print a warning that you can ignore.

You should be able to use the debugger on your code. For example:

$ make
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -lm -o btest bits.c btest.c decl.c tests.c common.c
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -o fshow fshow.c
gcc -O -Wall -m32 -g -o ishow ishow.c
$ gdb ./btest
GNU gdb (GDB) Fedora (7.1-34.fc13)
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.  Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686-redhat-linux-gnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Reading symbols from /homes/iws/dvhc/cse351/lab1/src/btest...done.
(gdb) b bitXor
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048717: file bits.c, line 144.
(gdb) r
Starting program: /homes/iws/dvhc/cse351/lab1/src/btest
ScoreRatingErrorsFunction

Breakpoint 1, bitXor (x=-2147483648, y=-2147483648) at bits.c:144
144}
(gdb) p x
$1 = -2147483648
(gdb) p/x x
$2 = 0x80000000
(gdb) q
A debugging session is active.

Inferior 1 [process 12728] will be killed.

Quit anyway? (y or n) y

The dlc program enforces a stricter form of C declarations than is the case for C++ or that is enforced by gcc. In particular, in a block (what you enclose in curly braces) all your variable declarations must appear before any statement that is not a declaration. For example, dlc will complain about the following code:

int foo(int x)
{
    int a = x;
    a *= 3;     /* Statement that is not a declaration */
    int b = a;  /* ERROR: Declaration not allowed here */
}

Instead, you must declare all your variables first, like this:

int foo(int x)
{
    int a = x;
    int b;
    a *= 3;
    b = a;
}

Using Pointers

This section describes the four functions you will be completing in pointer.c that is also in the lab1 folder you downloaded. Refer to the file pointer.c itself for more complete details. You are permitted to use casts for these functions.

Pointer Arithmetic

The first three functions in pointer.c ask you to compute the size (in bytes) of various data elements (ints, doubles, and pointers). You will accomplish this by noting that arrays of these data elements allocate contiguous space in memory so that one element follows the next.

Manipulating Data Using Pointers

The changeValue function in pointer.c asks you to change the value of an element of an array using only the starting address of the array. You will add the appropriate value to the pointer to create a new pointer to the data element to be modified.You are not permitted to use [] syntax to access or change elements in the array anywhere in the pointer.c file.

Pointers and Address Ranges

The last two functions in pointer.c ask you to determine whether pointers fall within certain address ranges, defined by aligned memory blocks or arrays.

Checking your work

For pointer.c, we have included a simple test harness: ptest.c. You can test your solutions like this:

$ make ptest
$ ./ptest

This test harness only checks if your solutions return the expected result, not if they meet the specific criteria of each problem. We may test your solution on inputs that ptest does not check by default and we will review your solutions to ensure they meet the restrictions of the assignment.

Note: dlc does not work with pointer.c

Submitting Your Work

Please submit your completed bits.c file and pointer.c file (*two* separate files) using the course's Assignment Drop Box.