layout: normal # Do this now .left-column-half[ <br> <iframe src="https://embed.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/3oPAa3YORE0gE6uCKe7mq?controls=none&short_poll=true" width="600" height="400" frameBorder="0"></iframe> ] .right-column-half[ In chat write down your current "ear worm" What song is running through your head or are you listening to on repeat? ] --- name: inverse layout: true class: center, middle, inverse --- # [NOTIFICATIONS](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)  .footnote[Picture from [itstimetologoff.com](https://www.itstimetologoff.com/2018/03/22/why-switching-off-your-social-media-and-phone-notifications-is-your-own-mini-digital-detox/)] ??? Multiple kinds of notifications on your phone. Here's the red dot with the number of messages on it. What other kinds are there? - Toast - appears within an app only - Email? Easy or hard to ignore What do you prefer? Which are more interruptive? Urge to clear the red dots on the screen? They effect your brain the seritonin in your rain (red dots in particular) --- # [Dopamine, Smartphones & You: A battle for your time](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)  ??? From a company's perspective, it's trying to get your attention Not an altruistic service It's not always the case, but incentives are there. War between companies to get your attention Important to think about how you use notifications if you're doing Mobile app development. --- layout: false .left-column[ ## Using Mobile Phones to Persuade Lauren Bricker CSE 340 Spring 2020 ] .right-column[  ] --- # Examlet 3 - Examlet 3 will be released after lecture - Same process as Examlet 2: copy a google doc, fill it out, make a PDF and upload to gradescope - Different: Not as time bound: due by 10pm tonight. --- # What does it take to persuade you? ![:youtube Wildebeest arguing about a log and whether it is a crocodile, JMJXvsCLu6s] --- .left-column[ ## Technology for persuasion Coercive: negative connotatons, patronizing, paternalistc, "we know what’s best for you and you will do it!" ] .right-column[  ] ??? Persuasion is changing your behavior. --- .left-column[ ## Technology for persuasion ## Is really about behavior change ] .right-column[ Which do you think is true? Persuasive = Coercive Persuasive >= Coercive Persuasive <= Coercive Persuasive != Coercive ] ??? Technology that is pursuading you to do some kind of action. If you've bought something like a fitbit, you're buying into the idea of something pursuading you to do something. --- # What does it take to persuade you? ![:youtube People being persuaded to climb stairs, 2lXh2n0aPyw] ??? What kind of pursuasion is being applied here. Is this coercive or not coercive? --- # What does it take to persuade you? .left-column50[ ![:youtube Cialdini, cFdCzN7RYbw] :54 6 shortcuts ] ??? Tip example - How are they doing the study? What are the conditions? What are they measuring? (how much they tip) How do they sample? Are they consenting the participants like we have to do the menus study? -- .right-column50[ How does this list of shortcuts apply to interface design? - reciprocity - scarcity - authority - consistency - liking - consensus ] ??? Trying to keep people using your app --- # What’s needed to support positive behavior change? .quote[ If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.] Lord Kelvin ??? Not using sensor based interfaces, but we'll talk about what can we do with sensor data? Almost every app that you download collects data about you. Studies have been done about the libraries that are used in seemingly begnin apps. Example: Angry birds. Why do they collect location data? (Sales) Most of the data they're collecting is through third party libraries. --- # Data Collection Options  --- # Data Collection Options .left-column[ Or we could just use one... ] .right-column[  ] ??? We're carrying this around and letting them collect all this data. --- .left-column[ ## Making Data Actionable ## Data ] .right-column[  ] --- .left-column[ ## Where is the value? ## Data ] .right-column[ Most of what we get is Data  ] ??? We have to do more to turn the raw into something useful. Knowledge instead of just data --- .left-column[ ## Making Data Actionable ## Knowledge ] .right-column[  ] --- .left-column[ ## Making Data Actionable ## Decision Making ] .right-column[  Danger... you have exceded the speed limit of 80kph. <br> Slow down immediately or face strict disciplinary action .footnote[[Meru speed alarms in cabs](https://www.meru.in/about-us/our-philosophy)] ] ??? This will be influencing based on the data --- .left-column[ ## Making Data Actionable ### Translating data into behavior change ] .right-column[  ] .footnote[[personalinformatics.org](http://personalinformatics.org/tools)] ??? Website that has a list of all the APIs that they were aware of at the time that supports behavior change. --- .left-column[ ## Making Data Actionable ### Translating data into behavior change ] .right-column[  Developed with 68 survey participants, 11 follow-up interviews ] .footnote[Li, Dey, Forlizzi. A Stage-Based Model of Personal Informatics Systems. CHI 2010.] ??? Study done at the iSchool Beyond notifications to get users to use an app Can't assume that everyone is at the action stage. --- .left-column[ ## Preparation  ] .right-column[ Alice! - **Wanted** to become active - **Decided** to track her physical activity - **Chose** to track step counts using a pedometer ] .footnote[ **Preparation**|Collection|Integration|Reflection|Action] --- .left-column[ ## Collection ] .right-column[ | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | |-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------| | Mon | 1573 | Mon | 1209 | Mon | 12344 | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | | Tue | 4392 | Tue | 1834 | Tue | 1200 | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | | Wed | 4537 | Wed | 4341 | Wed | 4311 | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | | Thu | 5842 | Thu | 8300 | Thu | 7348 | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | | Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384 | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | | Sat | 7528 | Sat | 6347 | Sat | 5123 | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | | Sun | 1367 | Sun | 1231 | Sun | 1430 | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | | Mon | 1497 | Mon | 1503 | Mon | 1427 | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | Mon | ... | | Tue | 1837 | Tue | 1717 | Tue | 1643 | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | Tue | ... | | Wed | 4537 | Wed | 4341 | Wed | 4311 | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | Wed | ... | | Thu | 5842 | Thu | 8300 | Thu | 7348 | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | Thu | ... | | Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384 | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | Fri | ... | | Sat | 7528 | Sat | 6347 | Sat | 5123 | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | Sat | ... | | Sun | 1367 | Sun | 1231 | Sun | 1430 | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | Sun | ... | | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ] --- .left-column[ ## Integration  ] .right-column[  ] .footnote[ Preparation|Collection|**Integration**|Reflection|Action] ??? bar plot --- .left-column[ ## Reflection  ] .right-column[  ] .footnote[ Preparation|Collection|Integration|**Reflection**|Action] ??? Days when she's really outside of the mean --- .left-column[ ## Action  ] .right-column[ The stage when people choose what they are going to do with their new-found understanding of themselves. ] .footnote[ Preparation|Collection|Integration|Reflection|**Action**] ??? How can we support this with technology? -- .right-column[ – Alerts – Incentives – Suggestions ] ??? Context-aware computing... --- .left-column50[  ] .right-column50[ # Why Behavior Change is Difficult ### Every stage presents distinct barriers Failures in one stage cascade through later stages, must design for entire tracking process ### This occurs in a larger context of deciding to track, selecting a tool, and eventual lapsing ] .footnote[Epstein, Ping, Fogarty, Munson. A Lived Informatics Model of Personal Informatics. UbiComp 2015.] ??? Fitbit users lapse after a time - they don't charge it. Not incentivised. Have to account for when they're lapsing --- # Process of Change  <!-- | Precont. | Cont. | Prep. | Action | Maint. | Adoption | |-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------| | Consciousness-raising | Consciousness-raising | Consciousness-raising | | | Social liberation | Social liberation | Social liberation | Social liberation | | | | | | | Self-analysis | Self-analysis | | | | | | Emotional arousal | Emotional arousal | | | | | | Positive outlook | Positive outlook | | | | | | | Commitment | Commitment | Commitment | Commitment | | | | Behavior analysis | Behavior analysis | | | | | | Goal setting | Goal setting | Goal setting | | | | | Self-reevaluation | Self-reevaluation | Self-reevaluation | | | | | | Countering | Countering | | | | | | Monitoring | Monitoring | Monitoring | | | | | Environmental control | Environmental control | Environmental control | | | | | Helping relationships | Helping relationships | Helping relationships | | | | | Rewards | Rewards | Rewards | | | | | | | | {: .small #small} --> ??? Using the same plan for every individual who wishes to change a behavior will not work Timing is important in the process of willful change --- background-image: url(img/behavior-change/phoneplanet.png) # Case Study: <BR> Energy Use --- # What is the responsibility of technologists to address climate change?  .footnote[[Amazon Refuses to Act on Climate Change. So We Employees Are Speaking Out](https://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/amazon-climate-change-action-jeff-bezos-20190530)] --- # Case Study: UbiGreen - In Class activity .right-column30[  ] This will be fun - a design activity! -- Honest. -- Don't leave... -- It does involve breakout rooms. -- (If you are the only one in a breakout room come back to the main room and I'll put you in another one.) -- Each group will work on a page in the [shared google doc](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SqvaQyhFYs6AsOPoDcBkG4egCRRq3jEaW17HOi0hSkM/edit?usp=sharing) -- Case study is explained on the next slide AND in the doc. -- One person in each breakout room should share the screen with slide, everyone should also be in the google doc. --- # Case Study: UbiGreen - In Class activity .right-column30[  ] Problem: High Carbon Dioxide emissions from U.S. households from personal transportation (single use vehicles). Goal: To create an app that will encourage users to change their behavior with respect to using their cars. -- This was last done in 2006-9... the app needs updating... .left-column40[ .footnote[ based on a [CHI 2009 paper](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1518701.1518861) by J. Froehlich, T. Dillahunt, P. Klasnja, J. Mankoff, S. Consolvo, B. Harrison, J. A. Landay ] ] --- # Case Study: UbiGreen - In Class activity .right-column30[  ] Your task: - Design an app that will - Use sensing data to determine a user's behavior (what type of data would you need?) - Pursuade (or coerce?) users of your app to change their behavior - Design a user study that will determine if your app is successful. - What is your [hypothesis](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse340/20sp/slides/wk07/menus.html#36)? - What is your [method](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse340/20sp/slides/wk07/menus.html#40)? What conditions might you have for your experiment? - What might you [measure](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse340/20sp/slides/wk07/menus.html#41)? - What [data](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse340/20sp/slides/wk07/menus.html#43) would you collect? - How would you [collect the data](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse340/20sp/slides/wk07/menus.html#49)? - How would you prove your theories? --- # Case Study: UbiGreen - actual research Sensed Transportation Behavior Ever-present Feedback Two formative studies - Online survey - In situ experience sampling method (ESM) study Three week field deployment .footnote[ based on a [CHI 2009 paper](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1518701.1518861) by J. Froehlich, T. Dillahunt, P. Klasnja, J. Mankoff, S. Consolvo, B. Harrison, J. A. Landay ] ??? Smartest phone at the time (2006) ---  ---  ---  --- .left-column[  ] .right-column[ ## UbiGreen 2 cities; 14 participants Obtain preliminary feedback on prototype - Engagement - Potential for social use - Potential for changing behavior ] --- .left-column[  ] .right-column[ ## UbiGreen Engagement .quote[It's omnipresent] Behavior Change: .quote[ “It really encourages you to analyze your own performance” ] <!-- Social .quote[ “Some people at work knew about the polar bear and every day they --> <!-- asked me about it. ‘Did you get a seal today?’”] --> ] ??? Introspection --- # Personal Informatics  ??? Apply it to ubigreen --- # Aside: Other ways for CS to engage with sustainability .left-column50[ ## Impact: Direct ways of reducing carbon emissions - Efficiency (new technologies, new patterns of use, better buildings, etc.) - Carbon capture & storage - Alternate sources of energy - Carbon sinks (e.g. reforestation) - Better energy grid ] .right-column50[ ## Solutions: Indirect ways of reducing carbon emissions - Population control - Economic controls (e.g., taxes) - Cross-cultural solutions (culturally-relevant technologies) - Education - Governmental buy in (Local laws, world treaties, etc) - Advancing science ] .footnote[ [Socolow & Pacala](http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/carbon-crisis/img/stabilization_wedges.pdf); A. Gore, Earth in the Balance ] --- .right-column[ ## My checklist for mobile ICT impact *Measure* waste and impact - Example: [what happens to phones when you finish with them?](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357110) *Monitor, Model & Inform* governments as well as individuals - Example: [Measuring air pollution using a mobile device](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1978942.1979290) ] --- .left-column[  Simulated impact of multiple algorithms on three month data set ] .right-column[ ## My checklist for mobile ICT impact *Encourage environmentality* - example [Automated thermostat setting](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2493432.2493441) - automation, efficiency, re-use - people (lived experience) - reduce waste ] .footnote[[some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf)] --- .left-column[  ] .right-column[ # My checklist for mobile ICT impact *Relevance across sectors and cultures* (residential: renters, owners, etc), business, ...) - Example: [understanding conflicts between landlords and tenants around energy use](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1864349.1864376) - Example: [deploying an android energy monitor to help communities & individuals monitor](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2531602.2531626) Goal: *Scale up* to governments, nations or more ] .footnote[ [Some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf) ] --- .title[Why a digression on sustainability in a behavior change lecture?] .body[  ] ??? That's all there is to fix it, we need the will power at a society level Of course there's other applications of behavior change as well :) Health is a big one!
