Web Programming Step by Step, 2nd Edition

Lecture 25: Prototype and Scriptaculous

Reading: Ch. 10

Except where otherwise noted, the contents of this document are Copyright 2012 Marty Stepp, Jessica Miller, and Victoria Kirst. All rights reserved. Any redistribution, reproduction, transmission, or storage of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited without the author's expressed written permission.

Problems with JavaScript

JavaScript is a powerful language, but it has many flaws:

• the DOM can be clunky to use
• Ajax can be hard to use and flaky when it fails
• it's tough to implement fancy visual effects, animations, sounds, etc.
• the same code doesn't always work the same way in every browser
  • code that works great in Firefox, Safari, ... will fail in IE and vice versa
• many developers work around these problems with hacks (checking if browser is IE, etc.)

JavaScript libraries

<script src="libraryURL" type="text/javascript"></script>

• you can link to external JavaScript library files in your page
• libraries expand the JS language, add features, classes, methods
• some popular libraries:
  • jQuery, Prototype, MooTools, Google Closure, Yahoo! UI, Dojo, ExtJS, Backbone, Underscore, ... many more

Prototype framework

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/prototype/1.7.1.0/prototype.js" 
        type="text/javascript"></script>

• the Prototype JavaScript library adds many useful features to JavaScript:
  • many useful extensions to the DOM
  • added methods to types String, Array, Date, Number, Object
  • improves event-driven programming
  • many cross-browser compatibility fixes
  • makes Ajax programming easier
  • not as popular as jQuery, but basic and simple and non-invasive

Methods added to existing objects

• Array: clear, clone, compact, first, flatten, indexOf, inspect, intersect, last, lastIndexOf, reverse, uniq, without
• Date: toISOString, toJSON
• Enumerable (arrays/objects): all, any, each, eachSlice, filter, find, grep, inGroupsOf, inject, inspect, map, max, member, min, partition, pluck, reject, select, size, toArray, zip
• Function: argumentNames, bind, bindAsEventListener, curry, defer, delay, methodize, wrap
• Number: abs, ceil, floor, round, succ, times, toColorPart, toPaddedString
• Object: clone, extend, inspect, isArray, isDate, isElement, isFunction, isHash, isNumber, isString, isUndefined, keys, toHTML, toJSON, toQueryString, values
• RegExp: escape, match
• String: blank, camelize, capitalize, dasherize, empty, endsWith, escapeHTML, evalJSON, gsub, interpolate, isJSON, parseQuery, scan, startsWith, strip, stripTags, sub, succ, times, toArray, toQueryParams, truncate, underscore, unescapeHTML, unfilterJSON,

The $ function

$("id")

• $ returns the DOM object representing the element with the given id
• short for document.getElementById("id")
• often used to write more concise DOM code, to avoid storing DOM elements as variables

$("footer").innerHTML = $("username").value.toUpperCase();

The $$ function

var arrayName = $$("CSS selector");

• $$ returns an array of DOM elements that match the given CSS selector
• short for document.querySelectorAll
• this method was more useful before querySelectorAll became widely supported (a recent addition to browsers) and also works on older browsers

// hide all "announcement" paragraphs in the "news" section
var paragraphs = $$("div#news p.announcement");
for (var i = 0; i < paragraphs.length; i++) {
	paragraphs[i].hide();
}

Prototype form shortcuts

$F("formID")["name"]

• gets parameter with given name from form with given id

$F("controlID")

• $F function returns the value of a form control with the given id

  if ($F("username").length < 4) {
  	$("username").clear();
  	$("login").disable();
  }
  

Prototype's DOM element methods

Prototype adds the following methods to every DOM element object:

• categories: CSS classes, DOM tree traversal/manipulation, events, styles

Prototype's DOM tree traversal methods

// alter siblings of "main" that do not contain "Sun"
var sibs = $("main").siblings();
for (var i = 0; i < sibs.length; i++) {
	if (sibs[i].innerHTML.indexOf("Sun") < 0) {
		sibs[i].innerHTML += " Sunshine";
	}
}

The each paradigm

// alter siblings of "main" that do not contain "Sun"
$$("div#main ul > li.new").each(function(e) {    // add a class to some elements
	e.classList.add("exciting");
});

$$("div#main ul > li.old").each(Element.hide);   // hide all 'old' elements

• often instead of getting the results of $$ and looping over them, you call each on the list of results and pass a function to call on each element that was matched
• can pass your own function (which takes each matching element as a parameter) or one of the existing Prototype Element methods

Accessing styles in Prototype

<button id="clickme">Click Me</button>

function biggerFont() {
	// turn text yellow and make it bigger
	var size = $("clickme").getStyle("font-size");   // "22px"
	$("clickme").style.fontSize = parseInt(size) + 4 + "pt";
}

• getStyle function added to DOM object allows accessing existing styles
  • (if you try to read an element's styles using .style.propertyName, it will often return an empty string)
• addClassName, removeClassName, hasClassName manipulate CSS classes

Attaching event handlers the Prototype way

element.onevent = function;
element.observe("event", function);

// call the playNewGame function when the Play button is clicked
$("play").observe("click", playNewGame);

• to use Prototype's event features, attach the handler using the DOM element object's observe method (added by Prototype)
• pass the event name as a string, and the function name to call
• handlers must be attached this way for Prototype's event features to work
• allows multiple handlers to be attached for the same event

• observe substitutes for addEventListener (not supported by old versions of IE)

Mouse event features

$("game").observe("mousemove", move);

function move(event) {
	if (event.isLeftClick() && 
			event.pointerX() < this.getWidth() / 2) {
		gameOver();
	}
}

Key event features

$("game").observe("keydown", typing);

function typing(event) {
	if (event.keyCode() == Event.KEY_ESC) {
		quitGame();
	}
}

Page/window and form events

• Prototype provides a faster alternative to window.onload (runs before images download):

window.onload = function() { ... };
document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	// attach event handlers, etc.
});

• Prototype adds the following methods to form controls' DOM objects:

Stopping an event

<form id="exampleform" action="http://foo.com/foo.php">...</form>

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	$("exampleform").observe("submit", checkData);
});

function checkData(event) {
	if ($F("city") == "" || $F("state").length != 2) {
		alert("Error, invalid city/state.");  // show error message 
		event.stop();
	}
}

• to abort a form submit or other event, call Prototype's stop method on the event

Prototype's Ajax model

new Ajax.Request("url", {
	option : value,
	option : value,
	...
	option : value
});

• construct a Prototype Ajax.Request object to request a page from a server using Ajax
  • replaces XMLHttpRequest and adds some new features
  • (this was more useful in older times when IE/others did not properly support Ajax)
• constructor accepts 2 parameters:
  1. the URL to fetch, as a String,
  2. a set of options, as a set of key : value pairs in {} braces (an anonymous JS object)

Prototype Ajax options

Prototype Ajax example

	new Ajax.Request("foo/bar/mydata.txt", {
		method: "get",
		onSuccess: myAjaxSuccessFunction
	});
	...

function myAjaxSuccessFunction(ajax) {
	do something with ajax.responseText;
}

• attach an event handler function to the request's onSuccess event
• the handler takes an Ajax response object as a parameter, which we'll name ajax

Ajax response object's properties

function myAjaxSuccessFunction(ajax) {
	alert(ajax.responseText);
}

• most commonly used property is responseText, to access the fetched text content

Handling Ajax errors

	new Ajax.Request("url", {
		method: "get",
		onSuccess: functionName,
		onFailure: ajaxFailure,
		onException: ajaxFailure
	});
	...
function ajaxFailure(ajax, exception) {
	alert("Error making Ajax request:" + 
	      "\n\nServer status:\n" + ajax.status + " " + ajax.statusText + 
	      "\n\nServer response text:\n" + ajax.responseText);
	if (exception) {
		throw exception;
	}
}

• for user's (and developer's) benefit, show an error message if a request fails

Passing query parameters to a request

new Ajax.Request("lookup_account.php", {
	method: "get",
	parameters: {name: "Ed Smith", age: 29, password: "abcdef"},
	onFailure: ajaxFailure,
	onException: ajaxFailure
});
...

• don't concatenate the parameters onto the URL yourself with "?" + ...
  • won't properly URL-encode the parameters
  • won't work for POST requests
• query parameters are passed as a parameters object, {} braces with name : value pairs
  • (the above is equivalent to: "name=Ed+Smith&age=29&password=abcdef")

Creating a POST request

new Ajax.Request("url", {
	method: "post",
	parameters: {name: value, name: value, ..., name: value},
	onSuccess: functionName,
	onFailure: functionName,
	onException: functionName
});

• method should be changed to "post" (or omitted; post is default)
• replaces FormData object

Prototype's Ajax Updater

new Ajax.Updater("id", "url", {
	method: "get"
});

• Ajax.Updater fetches a file and injects its content into an element as innerHTML
  • this is a common Ajax use case: "go fetch this page/file, and put its contents into an element on the page"
  • could do this with Ajax.Request, but Ajax.Updater saves you some typing and work
• additional (1st) parameter specifies the id of element to inject into
• onSuccess handler not needed (but onFailure, onException handlers may still be useful)

Ajax.Updater options

new Ajax.Updater({success: "id", failure: "id"}, "url", {
	method: "get",
	insertion: "top"
});

• instead of passing a single id, you can pass an object with a success and/or failure id
  • the success element will be filled if the request succeeds
  • the failure element (if provided) will be filled if the request fails
• insertion parameter specifies where in the element to insert the text (top, bottom, before, after)

PeriodicalUpdater

new Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater("id", "url", {
	frequency: seconds,
	name: value, ...
});

• Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater repeatedly fetches a file at a given interval and injects its content into an element as innerHTML
• onSuccess handler not needed (but onFailure, onException handlers may still be useful)
• same options as in Ajax.Updater can be passed

Ajax.Responders

Ajax.Responders.register({
	onEvent: functionName,
	onEvent: functionName,
	...
});

• sets up a default handler for a given kind of event for all Ajax requests
• can be useful for attaching a common failure/exception handler to all requests in one place

Scriptaculous overview

Scriptaculous : a JavaScript library, built on top of Prototype, that adds:

• visual effects (animation, fade in/out, highlighting)
• drag and drop
• Ajax features:
  • Auto-completing text fields (drop-down list of matching choices)
  • In-place editors (clickable text that you can edit and send to server)
• some DOM enhancements
• other stuff (unit testing, etc.)

Downloading and using Scriptaculous

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/prototype/1.7.1.0/prototype.js"
        type="text/javascript"></script>

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/scriptaculous/1.9.0/scriptaculous.js"
        type="text/javascript"></script>

• or download it, extract its .js files to your project folder
• documentation available on the Scriptaculous wiki
• Scriptaculous Effects Cheat Sheet

Visual effects

appear blindDown grow slideDown (appearing)

blindUp dropOut fade fold puff
shrink slideUp squish switchOff (disappearing)

highlight pulsate shake
morph Effect.Move Effect.Scale (Getting attention)

Click effects above

Adding effects to an element

element.effectName();            // for most effects

new Effect.Name(element or id);   // for some effects

$("sidebar").shake();

var buttons = $$("results > button");
for (var i = 0; i < buttons.length; i++) {
	buttons[i].fade();
}

• the effect will begin to animate on screen (asynchronously) the moment you call it
• six core effects are used to implement all effects on the previous slides:
  • Effect.Highlight, Effect.Morph, Effect.Move,
    Effect.Opacity, Effect.Parallel, Effect.Scale

Effect options

element.effectName({
	option: value,
	option: value,
	...
});

$("my_element").pulsate({
	duration: 2.0, 
	pulses: 2
});

• many effects can be customized by passing additional options (note the {})
• options (wiki): delay, direction, duration, fps, from, queue, sync, to, transition

The morph effect

element.morph("CSS", {
	option: value,
	option: value,
	...
});

$("okaybutton").morph("color: #ff0000; width: 300px", {duration: 3.0});

• The morph effect lets you apply any change of CSS to an element as a gradual animation
• very cool when combined with styles for color, size, shape, opacity, etc.

Effect events

$("my_element").fade({
	duration: 3.0, 
	afterFinish: displayMessage
});

function displayMessage(effect) {
	alert(effect.element + " is done fading now!");
}

• How would we show two effects in a row on the same element?
• all effects have the following events that you can handle:
  • beforeStart, beforeUpdate, afterUpdate, afterFinish
• the afterFinish event fires once the effect is done animating
  • useful do something to the element (style, remove, etc.) when effect is done
• each of these events receives the Effect object as its parameter
  • its properties: element, options, currentFrame, startOn, finishOn
  • some effects (e.g. Shrink) are technically "parallel effects", so to access the modified element, you write effect.effects[0].element rather than just effect.element

Drag and drop

Scriptaculous provides several objects for supporting drag-and-drop functionality:

• Sortable : a list of items that can be reordered
• Draggable : an element that can be dragged
• Draggables : manages all Draggable objects on the page
• Droppables : elements on which a Draggable can be dropped

Sortable

Sortable.create(element or id of list, {
	options
});

• specifies a list (ul, ol) as being able to be dragged into any order
• implemented internally using Draggables and Droppables
• options: tag, only, overlap, constraint, containment, format, handle, hoverclass, ghosting, dropOnEmpty, scroll, scrollSensitivity, scrollSpeed, tree, treeTag
• to make a list un-sortable again, call Sortable.destroy on it

Sortable demo

<ol id="simpsons">
	<li>Homer</li>
	<li>Marge</li>
	<li>Bart</li>
	<li>Lisa</li>
	<li>Maggie</li>
</ol>

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	Sortable.create("simpsons");
});

Sortable list events

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	Sortable.create("simpsons", {
			onUpdate: listUpdate
	});
});

• onChange handler function receives the dragging element as its parameter
• onUpdate handler function receives the list as its parameter

Sortable list events example

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	Sortable.create("simpsons", {
			onUpdate: listUpdate
	});
});

function listUpdate(list) {
	// can do anything I want here; effects, an Ajax request, etc.
	list.shake();
}

Subtleties of Sortable events

• for onUpdate to work, each li must have an id of the form listID_index

  <ol id="simpsons">
  	<li id="simpsons_0">Homer</li>
  	<li id="simpsons_1">Marge</li>
  	<li id="simpsons_2">Bart</li>
  	<li id="simpsons_3">Lisa</li>
  	<li id="simpsons_4">Maggie</li>
  </ol>
  

• if the elements of the list change after you make it sortable (if you add or remove an item using the DOM, etc.), the new items can't be sorted
  • must call Sortable.create on the list again to fix it

Draggable

new Draggable(element or id, {
	options
});

• specifies an element as being able to be dragged
• options: handle, revert, snap, zindex, constraint, ghosting, starteffect, reverteffect, endeffect
• event options: onStart, onDrag, onEnd
  • each handler function accepts two parameters: the Draggable object, and the mouse event

Draggable example

<div id="draggabledemo1">Draggable demo 1. Default options.</div>
<div id="draggabledemo2">Draggable demo 2.
	{snap: [40,40], revert: true}</div>

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	new Draggable("draggabledemo1");
	new Draggable("draggabledemo2", {revert: true, snap: [40, 40]});
});

Draggable demo 1.
Default options.

Draggable demo 2.
{snap:[60, 60], revert:true}

Draggables

• a global helper for accessing/managing all Draggable objects on a page
• (not needed for this course)
• properties: drags, observers
• methods: register, unregister, activate, deactivate, updateDrag, endDrag, keyPress, addObserver, removeObserver, notify

Droppables

Droppables.add(element or id, {
	options
});

• specifies an element as being able to be dragged
• options: accept, containment, hoverclass, overlap, greedy
• event options: onHover, onDrop
  • each callback accepts three parameters: the Draggable, the Droppable, and the event
  • Shopping Cart demo

Drag/drop shopping demo

<img id="shirt" src="images/shirt.png" alt="shirt" />
<img id="cup" src="images/cup.png" alt="cup" />
<div id="droptarget"></div>

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	new Draggable("shirt");
	new Draggable("cup");
	Droppables.add("droptarget", {onDrop: productDrop});
});

function productDrop(drag, drop, event) {
	alert("You dropped " + drag.id);
}

Auto-completing text fields

Scriptaculous offers ways to make a text box that auto-completes based on prefix strings *:

• Autocompleter.Local : auto-completes from an array of choices
• Ajax.Autocompleter : fetches and displays list of choices using Ajax

* (won't be necessary once HTML5 datalist element is well supported)

Using Autocompleter.Local

new Autocompleter.Local(
	element or id of text box, 
	element or id of div to show completions,
	array of choices, 
	{ options }
);

• you must create an (initially empty) div to store the auto-completion matches
  • it will be inserted as a ul that you can style with CSS
  • the user can select items by pressing Up/Down arrows; selected item is given a class of selected
• pass the choices as an array of strings
• pass any extra options as a fourth parameter between { }
  • options: choices, partialSearch, fullSearch, partialChars, ignoreCase

Autocompleter.Local demo

<input id="bands70s" size="40" type="text" />
<div id="bandlistarea"></div>

document.observe("dom:loaded", function() {
	new Autocompleter.Local(
		"bands70s",
		"bandlistarea",
		["ABBA", "AC/DC", "Aerosmith", "America", "Bay City Rollers", ...], 
		{}
	);
});

Autocompleter styling

<input id="bands70s" size="40" type="text" />
<div id="bandlistarea"></div>

#bandlistarea {
	border: 2px solid gray;
}
/* 'selected' class is given to the autocomplete item currently chosen */
#bandlistarea .selected {
	background-color: pink;
}

Using Ajax.Autocompleter

new Ajax.Autocompleter(
	element or id of text box, 
	element or id of div to show completions,
	url, 
	{ options }
);

• when you have too many choices to hold them all in an array, you can instead fetch subsets of choices from the server using Ajax
• instead of passing choices as an array, pass a URL from which to fetch them
  • the choices are sent back from the server as an HTML ul with li elements in it
• options: paramName, tokens, frequency, minChars, indicator, updateElement, afterUpdateElement, callback, parameters

Ajax.InPlaceEditor

new Ajax.InPlaceEditor(element or id,
	url,
	{ options }
);

Makes it possible to edit the content of elements on a page "live" and send the edits back to the server using Ajax.

• options: okButton, okText, cancelLink, cancelText, savingText, clickToEditText, formId, externalControl, rows, onComplete, onFailure, cols, size, highlightcolor, highlightendcolor, formClassName, hoverClassName, loadTextURL, loadingText, callback, submitOnBlur, ajaxOptions
• event options: onEnterHover, onLeaveHover, onEnterEditMode, onLeaveEditMode

Ajax.InPlaceCollectionEditor

new Ajax.InPlaceCollectionEditor(element or id, url, {
	collection: array of choices,
	options
});

• a variation of Ajax.InPlaceEditor that gives a collection of choices
• requires collection option whose value is an array of strings to choose from
• all other options are the same as Ajax.InPlaceEditor

Playing sounds (API)

Sound.play("music/java_rap.mp3");
Sound.play("music/wazzaaaaaap.wav");

• to silence a sound playing in progress, use Sound.play('', {replace: true});
• cannot play sounds from a local computer (must be uploaded to a web site)
• uses your browser's built-in audio plugin to play sounds (e.g. Quicktime)

Other neat features

• slider control:

  new Control.Slider("id of knob", "id of track", {options});
  

• Builder - convenience class to replace document.createElement :

  var img = Builder.node("img", {
    src: "images/lolcat.jpg",
    width: 100, height: 100,
    alt: "I can haz Scriptaculous?"
  });
  $("main").appendChild(img);
  

• Tabbed UIs