// Greg Hester, UW CSE 143 Student, Project 2 - Part x
// File created - October 28, 2002
// This timeline is a brief collection of science and technology facts from 1687-1969
// Title - Science and Technology Timeline, Author - Glenn Everett, Associate Professor of English, 
//	University of Tennessee 
// Information on this timeline was copied and edited from: http://65.107.211.206/science/science.html	
1687
Newton, Principia. Until Einstein, Newton's physics forms the foundation of modern science, provides the model for other sciences, and serves as the basic description of the natural laws governing the universe.
1692
Languedoc Canal connects the Mediterranean with the Bay of Biscay. 240 miles long, with 100 locks, 3 major aqueducts, 1 tunnel, and a summit reservoir.  The largest canal project between Roman times and the nineteenth century.
1708
Jethro Tull's mechanical (seed) sower permits large-scale planting in rows, for easier cultivation between the rows.
1709
Abraham Darby uses coke to smelt iron ore, replacing wood and charcoal as fuel.
1712
Thomas Newcomen builds first commercially successful steam engine. Able to keep deep coal mines clear of water. First significant power source other than wind and water.
1714
British Board of Longitude offers £20,000 prize for the first successful method of fixing longitude.
1733
John Kay's flying shuttle.
1741
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, returning from Turkey, introduces smallpox inoculation.
1758
First threshing machine.
1761
James Brindley's Bridgewater Canal opens. Barges carry coal from Worsley to Manchester. 
1762
John Harrison's No. 4 chronometer wins the British Board of Longitude's prize (see 1714).
1765
James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny, automating weaving the warp (in the weaving of cloth).
1769
Arkwright's "water" (powered) frame automates the weft.
1772
Bridgewater Canal extended to the Mersey, thus connecting with Liverpool. Its success kicks off extensive canal construction ("canal mania").
1774
Priestly isolates oxygen.
1775
Watt's first efficient steam engine, much more efficient than the Newcomen. 
1777
Grand Trunk Canal establishes a cross-England route connecting the Mersey to the Trent and connecting the industrial Midlands to the ports of Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull.
1779 
First steam powered mills. Crompton's "mule" combines Hargreaves' and Arkwright's machines, fully automating the weaving process.
1781
William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.
1786
Arkwright puts a Watt engine in the Albion cotton mill, Blackfriars Bridge, London.
1787
Cartwright builds a power loom.
1789
Thames-Severn Canal links the Thames to the Bristol Channel.
1792
William Murdock (James Watt's assistant) lights his home with coal gas.
1793
Eli Whitney develops his cotton gin (a device to clean raw cotton).
1803
Thomas Telford builds his two great iron aqueducts, over the Dee and the Cierog valleys.
1796
Edward Jenner develops smallpox vaccination process using cowpox vaccine.
1799
Humphry Davy discovers nitrous oxide (laughing gas), first effective anesthetic.
1800
Oliver Evans (USA) invents conveyer belt; comstructed fully automatede flour mill.
1801
Robert Trevithick demonstrates a steam locomotive.
1822
Caledonian Ship Canal cuts clear across Scotland via the Great Glen.
1807
Robert Fulton's "Clermont" first successful steamboat.
1811
Luddite riots: laborers attack factories and break up the machines they fear will replace them.
1812
Napoleon's surgeon, Baron Larrey, develops painless amputation.
1821
Faraday demonstrates electro-magnetic rotation, the principle of the electric motor.
1825
Marc Brunel invents a tunnelling shield, making subaqueous tunnelling possible.
1826
Brunel builds the first subaqueous tunnel, under the Thames.
1827
Berkeley Ship Canal connects Sharpness (on the Severn) to Gloucester.
1829
Braille perfects his reading method for the blind.
1830
Manchester–Liverpool railway begins first regular commercial rail service.
1831
Von Liebig discovers chloroform; Faraday discovers electro-magnetic current, making possible generators and electric engines. Also, the British Association for the Advancement of Science founded.
1834
Charles Babbage develops his analytic engine--the forerunner of the computer. Also, Fox Talbot produces photographs.
1835
Colt revolver
1837
Morse develops the telegraph and Morse Code. "Great Western"--first ocean-going steamship.
1838
Daguerre perfects the Daguerrotype.
1839
Fox Talbot introduces photographic paper.
1840
Whewell, Philosophy of Inductive Sciences.
1842
Crawford Long uses ether in a minor operation.
1843
"Great Britain"--first large, iron, screw-propelled steamship. Also, the typewriter invented. 
1844
Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Commercial use of Morse's telegraph (Baltimore to Washington).
1845
Turret-lathe.
1846
Pneumatic tire patented. First telegraph cable laid under the Channel. Ether used in a major operation. Elias Howe invents sewing machine. 
1847
Boole, Mathematical Logic.
1849
Monier develops reinforced concrete.
1850
Petrol (gasoline) refining first used. Isaac Singer commercializes sewing machine. Natural Science Honours School established at Oxford.
1851
Singer invents first practical sewing machine. Natural Sciences Tripos at Cambridge.
1854
Bessemer invents steel converter. 
1855
Regius Chair of Technology founded at Edinburgh. Yale lock invented; H. Spencer, Principles of Psychology.
1856
Bessemer's converter enables mass production of steel. W.H. Perkin produces aniline dyes, permitting brightly colored cottons.
1857
Pasteur experiments with fermentation.
1858
First Trans-Atlantic Cable completed. Cathode rays discovered.
1859
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species. Edwin Drake strikes oil in Pennsylvania. Etienne Lenoir demonstrates the first successful gasoline engine.
1860
Science degrees at University of London.
1861
Universal milling machine invented; Machine gun.
1863
Siemens-Martin open hearth process (along with the Bessemer converter) makes steel available in bulk. Steel begins to replace iron in building: steel framing and reinforced concrete make possible "curtain-wall" architecture--i.e., the skyscraper.
1867
Lister demonstrates the use of carbolic antiseptic. Alfred Nobel produces dynamite, the first high explosive which can be safely handled.
1869
Mendeléev produces the Periodic Table. 
1870
Automatic lathe 
1873
Christopher Sholes invents the Remington typewriter. James Clerk Maxwell states the laws of electro-magnetic radiation
1876
Bell invents the telephone. Robert Koch discovers the anthrax-causing micro-organism, demonstrates its life cycle and explains how it causes disease after long dormancy.
1877
Edison invents the phonograph. Gilchrist-Thomas basic process permits using wider range of ores for manufacturing steel
1878
Microphone invented.
1879
Edison invents the incandescent lamp.
1882
Koch isolates tuberculosis bacillus.
1883
First skyscraper (ten stories) in Chicago. The Brooklyn Bridge opens. This large suspension bridge, built by the Roeblings (father and son), is a triumph of engineering.
1884
Maxim invents the machine gun, making possible mass slaughter and beginning the mechanization of warfare. Carl Kohler uses cocaine as a local anesthetic. Koch isolates the cholera bacillus.
1885
Benz develops first automobile to run on internal- combustion engine. Pasteur develops hydrophobia vaccine.
1886
R.H. Fitz identifies appendicitis.
1888
Hertz produces radio waves.
1889
Eiffel Tower.
1890
Wm. James, Principles of Psychology. Koch develops tuberculin, which can be used to test for tuberculosis.
1892
Rudolf Diesel invents his namesake.
1895
Lumière brothers develop Cinematograph. Roentgen discovers X-rays.
1896
Marconi patents wireless telegraph. Becquerel discovers radioactivity in uranium.
1897
Joseph Thomson discovers particles smaller than atoms.
1899
Aspirin invented.
1900
Planck develops quantum theory. First Zeppelin built. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams.
1901
Marconi transmits first trans-Atlantic radio message (from Cape Cod).
1903
Wright brothers make first powered flight.
1905
Einstein, Special Theory of Relativity.
1908
Henry Ford mass-produces the Model T.
1910
Paul Ehrlich develops Salvarsan, the first drug devised to overwhelm a micro-organism (syphilis) without offending the host.
1919
London to Paris air service begun.
1920
James Smathers develops the first electric typewriter.
1922
Radio broadcasting begins.
1926
Robert Goddard experiments with liquid-fueled rockets.
1928
Alexander Fleming isolates penicillin.
1932
Empire State Building completed.
1936
BBC begins regular television service.
1945
The atomic bomb: first New Mexico, then Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Scientists can never again close their eyes to the social effects of their discoveries.
1957
Sputnik.
1961
The USSR puts the first man (Yuri Gagarin) in space.
1969
Neil Armstrong sets foot on the moon.