| Breaking Caesar Cipher |
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| Fixed
substitutions don’t work, ‘cause |
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| letters
have a known distribution |
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| • | In a large text, count the frequency of |
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| each letter, match the results to distribution |
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| • | The twelve most frequent letters account |
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| for 80% of English text |
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| • | ETAOINSHRDLU |
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| A*ERI*A THE
*EAUTI*UL |