A Little History of Two Kinds of Information Technology

Our Legacy "Information Technology Revolution": Print

Johannes Gutenberg - "Man of the Millennium"

Class discussion: Printing press; moveable type; book creation beyond control of elites; Ben Franklin can publish political tracts; appearance of dictionaries; codification of language and grammar; sudden appearance of problem of illiteracy; competition to Church hagiography; threatened information elites, disruptive information technology, new ways of reading and writing, etc.


Rapid Advances in Technology of Information
  • 1800 - Stanhope tests iron printing press
  • 1803 - Cylindrical paper-making machine produces cheap paper
  • 1804 - First book printed by stereotype process
  • 1811 - Steam-powered cylindrical printing press
  • 1822 - Composing machine for setting type
  • 1832 - Penny Weeklies build large circulations
  • 1836 - Dickens' Pickwick Papers invents serial publication
For the first time in the world's history, there were a lot of books.


In his authoritative study, Charles Dickens and His Publishers (1978), Robert L. Patten points to the interrelated effects that Pickwick Papers had upon author, publisher, and audience. According to Patten, although Sketches by Boz
inaugurated Dickens's career, Pickwick made it. Dickens's first continuous fiction -- many would deny that it is a novel -- ushered in the age of the novel, which critics looking backward from the perspective of the eighties and nineties thought either the glory or the curse of the Victorian era. The success of the flimsy shilling parts, issued in green wrappers once each month from April 1836 to November 1837, was unprecedented in the history of literature. The lion's share of credit for that success has always, and properly, gone to the pseudonymous "Boz," a twenty-four-year-old shorthand writer with a quick eye, a fluent pen, and an inexhaustible, buoyant, and loving imagination. Critics from 1836 onwards have tended to slight the part played in the runaway reception of the book by its unusual format; yet subsequent to Dickens's success with Pickwick, parts publication became for thirty years a chief means of democratizing and enormously expanding the Victorian book-reading and book-buying public.
Dickens and his publishers discovered the potential of serial publication virtually by accident. Even though in the half century after Pickwick most of the novels appeared "compact in three separate and individual volumes" as Mr. Omer describes David Copperfield's maiden effort, and were not bought but borrowed from the great circulating libraries like Mudie's and W. H. Smith's, serial publication opened up a new reading and buying public that subsequent publishers and formats did then exploit in a variety of ways. Furthermore, serial publication yielded profits hitherto thought impossible for any publisher or author, and transformed Dickens, Chapman, and Hall from minor figures in Victorian letters to titans. What forces made that format suddenly possible, and how the changes in publishing converged in 1836 and were connected by two shrewd, courageous, and lucky booksellers with the one man who could write letterpress for all the people, needs to be understood more fully than it has been so far. The prodigious success of Pickwick in parts signals a revolution in publishing.


Our Emerging Information Technology Paradigm: Internet


12th Century - Muhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi develops the concept of a written process to be followed -- "algorithm"

1801 - Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom using punched cards to control the pattern

1822 - Charles Babbage works on a Difference Engine for computing naviagation tables

1854 - George Boole describe a system for symbolic reasoning

1890 - Herman Hollerith invents tabulating machine using punch cards

1925 - Vannevar Bush at MIT builds a differential analyzer

1936 - 1939 - Atanasoff and Berry develop the ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer at Iowa State University for solving linear equations

1937 - Alan Turing develops idea of a machine capable of executing any describable algorithm

1947 - Transistor invented at Bell Labs (replaces vacuum tubes)

1958 - Integrated circuit invented at Texas Instruments

1963 - Douglas Engelbart invents the mouse pointing device

1980 - Tim Berners-Lee writes a program "Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything" which allows links to be made among nodes

1990 - Berners-Lee works on a hypertext GUI browser/editor using name "WorldWideWeb"

May 14, 2003 - "Verizon sets up phone booths to give access to the Internet" The New York Times

For the first time in world history, there are a lot of web pages. You can sit in a park and surf the web.




Some reading to do



As We May Think by Vannevar Bush, Atlantic Monthly, July 1945

The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future by Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996