Flag Tutorial
In this lesson you will learn how to create a flag by turning a NURBS plane into a soft body. You will then learn how to adjust the goal weights of the flag to cause the flag to react to dynamic forces such as Turbulence and Wind. You will then create a surface emitter, and position it to create the effect of rain on a windy and cloudy day.
Part 1 - Flag Tutorial
Step 1: Open the file and edit the flag geometry
Open the file tutorial2.mb. The file has the environment, the flag pole, and the plane that will become the flag already modeled and shaded. You will also notice that the time slider is set from 0 to 250 frames. This will be the length of your animation.
We will first be using the top view to change the shape of the flag. First select the flag (it's lying on the axis so is hard to see). Next press F8 to go into the Component Mode of selection. In your top view pick the following three pairs of C.V's as shown in the image and move them up slightly. |
Again in your top view pick the remaining three
pairs of C.V's as shown in the image and move them down slightly. This
creates some basic wave to the flag to make it look more natural.
Now press F8 to return to object mode. |
Step 2: You will now convert your plane into a soft body.
If not already selected, select the dynamics
menu from your Menu set to make it active.
Next, switch back to your front view. Select the flag surface and in your dynamics menu click on Soft/Rigid Bodies->Create Soft Body->Options. In the option box set the following:
Setting the creation options Make Copy Soft to On makes a copy of the object a soft body without altering the original object. Switching Hide Non-Soft Object to On will hide the non-soft copy of the object so that only the soft body is shown. Turning Make Non-Soft a Goal to On to on will make the soft body trail or move toward the goal object made from the original or duplicate geometry. You are able to control how closely the soft body follows the original by adjusting the goal weights on the C.V.s. A goal weight of 1.0 follows the original exactly, a goal weight of 0.0 will not follow the original and will be completely influenced by dynamic forces. |
Step 3: Create Dynamic Fields to control the motion of the soft body.
With nothing selected, select Fields->Gravity,
Fields->Turbulence, and Fields->Air to
create three dynamic fields: a gravity field, a turbulence field, and an
air field. (NOTE: Be sure that you deselect each of these fields before creating the next one.)
Use the Outliner window to select the air field. Move the air field to the middle of the flag in the front view, and slightly behind the flag in the top view. Select and move the turbulence field into the the very center of the flag. The next step is to tell Maya to have the fields influence the soft body. Select the Windows->Relationship Editor->Dynamic Relationships. menu option. Scroll down to select copyOfFlag, highlight the fields in the right hand window. Now, close the window. The fields will now influence the flag.
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Step 4: add springs to the soft body for a more realistic looking movement.
With the copyOfFlag selected, Click on Soft\Rigid Bodies->Create Springs->Options.
Set the Max Distance to 1.0, and set the Wire Walk Length to 3. Click on Create. The Wire Walk Length determines how many springs are created between edge particles. For instance, for each edge particle, the value 3 creates springs to all edge particles within a distance of three particles. These springs will give the flag internal structure and will improve upon the deformation control. The Max Distance attribute tells Maya not to create springs if the distance between the two particles that may be potentially connected by a spring is greater than the number specified in the field. Playback your scene. While these forces are connected and acting on the soft body, you are not getting any results. This is because of the fact that when you created the soft body, you assigned a goal weight of 1, which results in the soft body always achieving its goal of maintaining it's original shape. You will need to adjust the goal weights of the individual particles so that the soft body will not always achieve its goal. For this you will use the component editor to assign goal weights to the vertices of the flag. |
Step 5: Edit the goal weights of the flag.
We will now edit the goal weights of the flag
on a per particle basis, to allow the forces to take a larger effect on
the flag.
With copyOfFlag selected, press F8 to go into component mode. Hold down the Shift key, and select all of the particles in the first 2 columns, except for the first two vertices in the upper left hand corner, and the first two vertices in the bottom left hand corner (see figure). |
Next select the Window->Attribute Editor
menu. Under the Per Particle Attributes section of the
attribute editor you will see goalPP. Right click in the box and
select Component Editor.
The component editor should now appear. The particles tab should already be selected, but if it is not, then please select it. Scroll to the right until you see the goalPP column. This column contains the goal weights of the points you have selected. Change the goal weights of all of the highlighted particles to 0.4. Luckily you don't have to type in each cell. Select the goalPP cell for the first particle, then hold down Shift and press the Page Down key repeatedly until you've selected the whole column. Now type 0.4; when you hit Enter all cells will be changed. Now for the final 10 columns, select 2 columns of particles at a time, and sets their goal weights to be 0.30, 0.26, 0.22, 0.18, 0.12 respectively. (The ".12" set will likely be just the second-to-last column, and not a full pair, so don't worry if this happens. --Laith) For the last column, select the particles and set the goal weight to 0.10. By doing this, we cause the C.V.'s closest to the flagpole to be most strongly bound to the original flag geometry. Points at the far end are only minimally bound, and so will be more strongly affected by the forces. |
Step 6: Editing the attributes of your dynamic forces.
Now you will edit the attributes of the dynamic
forces in your scene to make the flag behave correctly.
First select the turbulence field, and then select Windows->Attribute Editor. In the attribute editor, set the magnitude to be 7.5, the attenuation to 0.3, and the frequency to 1. Now select the air (wind) field. In the attribute editor, set the magnitude to 6, the attenuation to 0, and the direction to 1.0, 0.0, 1.0. Finally, select the gravity field. In the attribute editor, set the magnitude to 9.8 and the attenuation to 0.8. The turbulence field causes random distortions over the surface of the flag. The air field simulates a wind coming from behind the flag and to the left. Finally, the gravity field causes the free end of the flag to realistically dip down relative to the end at the flagpole. The attenuation of zero means the forces will apply equally throughout all space instead of dying off. Play back the animation. |
Step7: Adjust the phase of the turbulence field.
If you playback the animation at this point you
will see that the "shape" of the turbulence seems to cycle over
and over and as a result you don't quite get random ripples. You can fix
this by animating the Phase Z attribute over time.
To edit the Phase attribute, first select the turbulence field, then open the Expression Editor from the Window menu. Select the Phase attribute and with your right mouse button select expressions from the pop-up menu. In the expression editor enter: phase = frame * 10; When you playback the animation at this point you will see that the flag is now fluttering in the wind. Feel free to play with adjusting the parameters of your dynamic fields until you get a look that you find appealing. |
Step 8: Create A Surface Emitter
Start by creating a simple nurbs plane. This
can be done by selecting Create>Nurbs Primitives>plane. This plane
will be used as a surface emitter to generate the rain particles. For this
reason rename the plane to Sky.
Next, you will need to scale and move the plane to the proper location. With the plane selected, enter the following values in the channel box:
You will now noticed that the plane has been scaled and positioned above the flag. |
Step 9: Edit the Rain Particle Attributes
You will now make a surface emitter out of the
rain. With the plane selected, select Particles>Emit from Object>Options. Under the emitter name enter Rain. Under
the emitter type drop-down box, select Surface. After you have
filled out the fields, select the Add button to add the emitter.
Now with the Particle emitter selected, select Windows>Attribute
Editor, to open the particle emitter's attribute editor. In the
attribute change, change the following fields to the corresponding values:
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You will now need to make a few adjustments to
the physical attributes of the rain particles. With the particles
selected, open the Attribute Window by selecting Windows>Attribute
Editor. Under the render attributes, set the Particle Render Type
to Tube(s/w). Next select the button to add attributes for the
current render type. This should create three sliders: Radius 0,
Radius 1, and Tail Size.
Set both the Radii of the Tube attribute, Radius 0 and Radius 1, to be 0.05. You will now create an expression for the Tail Size of the particles. In the box next to Tail Size, right click and select the Expression Editor. Set the tail size of the rain to be a random function between 0.3 and 1, using the rand function. In the expression editor, enter the following line: particleShape1.tailSize = rand(0.3, 1); In the Add Dynamic Attributes section, Click the LifeSpan button, and select the checkbox to add a Per Particle Attribute. This will determine the amount of time the particles will travel before they die out. Again we will create an expression for the lifespan. In the Per Particle (Array) Attributes, right click in the lifespanPP box, and select the expression editor. In the expression editor, enter the following line particleShape1.lifespanPP = rand(3,4); This will assign the lifespan of the particle to be a random value between 3 and 4. Now playback the animation. You should see rain particles being emitted from the plane toward the ground. |
Step 10: Create a particle shading group and attach it to the Rain particles
Now it is necessary to create a
new shading group, and assign that to the rain particles to give them the
correct color and glow properties.
First open the Hypershade Window by selecting Windows>Rendering Editors>Hypershade. In the Hypershade, create a new Particle Shading Group (Create -> Volumetric Materials -> Particle Cloud). Open the Attribute Editor for particleRain2 by double-clicking on the shader icon in the Hypershade Window. Set the Color Attribute of the shading group with RGB values of 0.73, 0.895, and 1.0. (HSV values are 203.33, 0.27, and 1.) Next map the Transparency attribute of the shading group with a ramp texture. Set the ramp texture with the following values (you can use either RGB or HSV, either will work):
Finally, set the Noise to 1.0 and the Noise Frequency to 0.15. Now that the shader is complete, assign it to the Rain Particles. |
Step 11: Set the initial state for the dynamic simulation
When you playback the animation at this point you will see that the flag is now fluttering in the wind. Go to a frame where the forces have evened out and in the menu go to Solvers > Initial State > Set for all dynamic. You now avoid the first couple frames where the forces need to start up.
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