Tokens as a potential function
potential function at operation #i
P(i)= 1 + 2F - S/2
F = # of filled (non-empty) hash table slots
S = total # of hash table slots
Actual cost of operation of operation #i
C(i)
Amortized cost of operation #(i+1):
CA(i+1)=C(i+1) + ( P(i+1) – P(i) )